ArticlePloS one2014
The E2-like conjugation enzyme Atg3 promotes binding of IRG and Gbp proteins to Chlamydia- and Toxoplasma-containing vacuoles and host resistance.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)Autophagy · 2021Guideline
- Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition).Autophagy · 2016Guideline
- Genetic diversity of collaborative cross mice enables the establishment of a novelInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Structural insights into GM4951 as a lipid droplet GTPase regulating hepatic lipid metabolism.Nature communications · 2025Article
- ATG-3 limits Orsay virus infection in C. elegans and regulates collagen pathways.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Article
- Restriction and evasion: a review of IFNγ-mediated cell-autonomous defense pathways during genital Chlamydia infection.Pathogens and disease · 2024Review
- Overview of Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Inflammatory Processes inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Structural basis of IRGB10 oligomerization by GTP hydrolysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- How did we get here? Insights into mechanisms of immunity-related GTPase targeting to intracellular pathogens.Current opinion in microbiology · 2022Review
- The IFN-inducible GTPase IRGB10 regulates viral replication and inflammasome activation during influenza A virus infection in mice.European journal of immunology · 2022Article
- Toxoplasma-proximal and distal control by GBPs in human macrophages.Pathogens and disease · 2022Article
- The role of SIRT1 in the process ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Interactions of Autophagy and the Immune System in Health and Diseases.Autophagy reports · 2022Article
- Lessons from Toxoplasma: Host responses that mediate parasite control and the microbial effectors that subvert them.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2021Review
- Murine Irgm Paralogs Regulate Nonredundant Functions To Execute Host Defense to Toxoplasma gondii.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- Binding Features and Functions of ATG3.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- Interferons: Tug of War Between Bacteria and Their Host.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- Human GBP1 Differentially Targets Salmonella and Toxoplasma to License Recognition of Microbial Ligands and Caspase-Mediated Death.Cell reports · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cell-autonomous immunity to the bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis and the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii is controlled by two families of Interferon (IFN)-inducible GTPases: Immunity Related GTPases (IRGs) and Guanylate binding proteins (Gbps). Members of these two GTPase families associate with pathogen-containing vacuoles (PVs) and solicit antimicrobial resistance pathways specifically to the intracellular site of infection. The proper delivery of IRG and Gbp proteins to PVs requires the autophagy factor Atg5. Atg5 is part of a protein complex that facilitates the transfer of the ubiquitin-like protein Atg8 from the E2-like conjugation enzyme Atg3 to the lipid phosphatidylethanolamine. Here, we show that Atg3 expression, similar to Atg5 expression, is required for IRG and Gbp proteins to dock to PVs. We further demonstrate that expression of a dominant-active, GTP-locked IRG protein variant rescues the PV targeting defect of Atg3- and Atg5-deficient cells, suggesting a possible role for Atg proteins in the activation of IRG proteins. Lastly, we show that IFN-induced cell-autonomous resistance to C. trachomatis infections in mouse cells depends not only on Atg5 and IRG proteins, as previously demonstrated, but also requires the expression of Atg3 and Gbp proteins. These findings provide a foundation for a better understanding of IRG- and Gbp-dependent cell-autonomous resistance and its regulation by Atg proteins.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.