ArticlePloS one2014
Evaluation of epidemiological cut-off values indicates that biocide resistant subpopulations are uncommon in natural isolates of clinically-relevant microorganisms.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 194 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bacterial sensitivity to chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine antiseptics over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human-derived data.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Decolonization to Reduce Postdischarge Infection Risk among MRSA Carriers.The New England journal of medicine · 2019Trial
- Chlorhexidine and Mupirocin Susceptibility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in the REDUCE-MRSA Trial.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2016Trial
- Adaptive susceptibility shifts in Candidozyma auris following biocidal exposure: Exploratory effects on antifungal and biocidal susceptibility.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Sustained chlorhexidine susceptibility in clinical MRSA isolates despite recent exposure.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Article
- Cationic biocide susceptibility and tolerance-associated genes in clinical, environmental, and commensal Enterococcus isolates.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Variable chlorhexidine MICs acrossAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Biocide Response of Candida auris.Mycoses · 2026Review
- Application of Peracetic Acid in Poultry Processing: Effects of Treatment Dynamics and Emerging Risk of Resistance Development in Salmonella spp.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Review
- Resistance to clinically important antibiotics and reduced susceptibility to disinfectants in the pandemic ST398 methicillin-susceptibleFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of MRSA Colonization and Persistence in Residential Aged Care Facilities in Adelaide, Australia.International journal of microbiology · 2026Article
- A novel self-transmissible mega plasmid from extensively drug-resistantCurrent research in microbial sciences · 2026Article
- Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Anidulafungin as a Potential Predictor of Biocide Susceptibility of Clade 1 Candidozyma (Candida) auris Isolates.MicrobiologyOpen · 2025Article
- Biocide, antifungal susceptibility and virulence characteristics of Clade 1 Candidozyma auris strains.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2025Article
- In vitro long-term exposure to chlorhexidine or triclosan induces cross-resistance against azoles in Nakaseomyces glabratus.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Article
- NosocomialInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Unraveling Antimicrobial Resistance Dynamics in Mycoplasma gallisepticum: Insights Into Antibiotic and Disinfectant Interactions.Veterinary medicine and science · 2025Article
- Variable sensitivity of clinical Candida auris strains to Biocides: implications for infection control in Healthcare Settings.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Virulence Factors and Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin, Vancomycin, Triclosan, and Chlorhexidine among Enterococci from Clinical Specimens, Food, and Wastewater.Microorganisms · 2024Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To date there are no clear criteria to determine whether a microbe is susceptible to biocides or not. As a starting point for distinguishing between wild-type and resistant organisms, we set out to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) distributions for four common biocides; triclosan, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite for 3319 clinical isolates, with a particular focus on Staphylococcus aureus (N = 1635) and Salmonella spp. (N = 901) but also including Escherichia coli (N = 368), Candida albicans (N = 200), Klebsiella pneumoniae (N = 60), Enterobacter spp. (N = 54), Enterococcus faecium (N = 53), and Enterococcus faecalis (N = 56). From these data epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs) are proposed. As would be expected, MBCs were higher than MICs for all biocides. In most cases both values followed a normal distribution. Bimodal distributions, indicating the existence of biocide resistant subpopulations were observed for Enterobacter chlorhexidine susceptibility (both MICs and MBCs) and the susceptibility to triclosan of Enterobacter (MBC), E. coli (MBC and MIC) and S. aureus (MBC and MIC). There is a concern on the potential selection of antibiotic resistance by biocides. Our results indicate however that resistance to biocides and, hence any potential association with antibiotic resistance, is uncommon in natural populations of clinically relevant microorganisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.