ArticlePloS one2014
Functional MRI of the olfactory system in conscious dogs.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Non-invasive canine electroencephalography (EEG): a systematic review.BMC veterinary research · 2025Pooled it
- Electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging using a familial temporal lobe epilepsy model in cats: an exploratory methodological pilot study.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2026Article
- Synthetic Cadaver Odorants and the Sulfur Gap: Linking Chemistry and Canine Olfaction in Human Remains Detection.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Dogs' olfactory resting-state functional connectivity is modulated by age and brain shape.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Preliminary Findings on the Morphometric Characteristics of the Olfactory Bulb in the Cat.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Sheep (Ovis aries) training protocol for voluntary awake and unrestrained structural brain MRI acquisitions.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Mapping of the exterior architecture of the mesocephalic canine brain.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Functional mapping of the somatosensory cortex using noninvasive fMRI and touch in awake dogs.Brain structure & function · 2024Article
- Two Separate Brain Networks for Predicting Trainability and Tracking Training-Related Plasticity in Working Dogs.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Differential functional change in olfactory bulb and olfactory eloquent areas in Parkinson's disease.Brain communications · 2024Article
- Mediation of mammalian olfactory response by presence of odor-evoked potassium current.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Article
- Neuroanatomical asymmetry in the canine brain.Brain structure & function · 2023Article
- Functionally analogous body- and animacy-responsive areas are present in the dog (Canis familiaris) and human occipito-temporal lobe.Communications biology · 2023Article
- The Olfactory Bulb in Companion Animals-Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Importance.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- A novel task of canine olfaction for use in adult and senior pet dogs.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Extensive Connections of the Canine Olfactory Pathway Revealed by Tractography and Dissection.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2022Article
- Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Features, Tumour Localisation, and Survival of Dogs with Presumptive Brain Gliomas.Veterinary sciences · 2022Article
- Canine Olfaction: Physiology, Behavior, and Possibilities for Practical Applications.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Review
- Canine olfactory detection and its relevance to medical detection.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Review
- Human-dog relationships as a working framework for exploring human-robot attachment: a multidisciplinary review.Animal cognition · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We depend upon the olfactory abilities of dogs for critical tasks such as detecting bombs, landmines, other hazardous chemicals and illicit substances. Hence, a mechanistic understanding of the olfactory system in dogs is of great scientific interest. Previous studies explored this aspect at the cellular and behavior levels; however, the cognitive-level neural substrates linking them have never been explored. This is critical given the fact that behavior is driven by filtered sensory representations in higher order cognitive areas rather than the raw odor maps of the olfactory bulb. Since sedated dogs cannot sniff, we investigated this using functional magnetic resonance imaging of conscious dogs. We addressed the technical challenges of head motion using a two pronged strategy of behavioral training to keep dogs' head as still as possible and a single camera optical head motion tracking system to account for residual jerky movements. We built a custom computer-controlled odorant delivery system which was synchronized with image acquisition, allowing the investigation of brain regions activated by odors. The olfactory bulb and piriform lobes were commonly activated in both awake and anesthetized dogs, while the frontal cortex was activated mainly in conscious dogs. Comparison of responses to low and high odor intensity showed differences in either the strength or spatial extent of activation in the olfactory bulb, piriform lobes, cerebellum, and frontal cortex. Our results demonstrate the viability of the proposed method for functional imaging of the olfactory system in conscious dogs. This could potentially open up a new field of research in detector dog technology.
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Registered trials
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