ArticlePloS one2014
Little evidence of avian or equine influenza virus infection among a cohort of Mongolian adults with animal exposures, 2010-2011.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Highly Interrelated Morbidity Respiratory Viruses Cause Among Humans and Animals in Mongolia.Viruses · 2025Review
- Occupational Risk from Avian Influenza Viruses at Different Ecological Interfaces Between 1997 and 2019.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Particulate Matter Exposure and Viral Infections: Relevance to Highly Polluted Settings such as Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.Current environmental health reports · 2025Review
- Equine Influenza: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Strategies for Prevention and Control.Viruses · 2025Review
- High Prevalence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: A Virus in Vietnam's Live Bird Markets.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Review
- Zoonosis and zooanthroponosis of emerging respiratory viruses.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Human Immunity and Susceptibility to Influenza A(H3) Viruses of Avian, Equine, and Swine Origin.Emerging infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Equine Influenza.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2022Review
- Review
- Serologic Evidence of Occupational Exposure to Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wildfowl/Poultry/Human Interface.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- Incidence and Seroprevalence of Avian Influenza in a Cohort of Backyard Poultry Growers, Egypt, August 2015-March 2019.Emerging infectious diseases · 2020Article
- A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies.Frontiers in microbiology · 2018Review
- Weighing serological evidence of human exposure to animal influenza viruses - a literature review.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2016Review
- A Review of Evidence that Equine Influenza Viruses Are Zoonotic.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2016Review
- Influenza virus reservoirs and intermediate hosts: dogs, horses, and new possibilities for influenza virus exposure of humans.Journal of virology · 2015Review
- A live attenuated equine H3N8 influenza vaccine is highly immunogenic and efficacious in mice and ferrets.Journal of virology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Avian (AIV) and equine influenza virus (EIV) have been repeatedly shown to circulate among Mongolia's migrating birds or domestic horses. In 2009, 439 Mongolian adults, many with occupational exposure to animals, were enrolled in a prospective cohort study of zoonotic influenza transmission. Sera were drawn upon enrollment and again at 12 and 24 months. Participants were contacted monthly for 24 months and queried regarding episodes of acute influenza-like illnesses (ILI). Cohort members confirmed to have acute influenza A infections, permitted respiratory swab collections which were studied with rRT-PCR for influenza A. Serologic assays were performed against equine, avian, and human influenza viruses. Over the 2 yrs of follow-up, 100 ILI investigations in the cohort were conducted. Thirty-six ILI cases (36%) were identified as influenza A infections by rRT-PCR; none yielded evidence for AIV or EIV. Serological examination of 12 mo and 24 mo annual sera revealed 37 participants had detectable antibody titers (≥1∶10) against studied viruses during the course of study follow-up: 21 against A/Equine/Mongolia/01/2008(H3N8); 4 against an avian A/Teal/Hong Kong/w3129(H6N1), 11 against an avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), and 1 against an avian A/Migrating duck/Hong Kong/MPD268/2007(H10N4) virus. However, all such titers were <1∶80 and none were statistically associated with avian or horse exposures. A number of subjects had evidence of seroconversion to zoonotic viruses, but the 4-fold titer changes were again not associated with avian or horse exposures. As elevated antibodies against seasonal influenza viruses were high during the study period, it seems likely that cross-reacting antibodies against seasonal human influenza viruses were a cause of the low-level seroreactivity against AIV or EIV. Despite the presence of AIV and EIV circulating among wild birds and horses in Mongolia, there was little evidence of AIV or EIV infection in this prospective study of Mongolians with animal exposures.
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