ArticlePloS one2014
Molecular and genetic characterization of natural HIV-1 Tat Exon-1 variants from North India and their functional implications.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Pilot study: a descriptive-retrospective analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants distribution and phylogenesis in the Phlegraean area.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Article
- Features of Tat Protein in HIV-1 Sub-Subtype A6 Variants Circulating in the Moscow Region, Russia.Viruses · 2023Article
- HIV-1 subtype C Tat exon-1 amino acid residue 24K is a signature for neurocognitive impairment.Journal of neurovirology · 2022Article
- HIV-1C and HIV-1B Tat protein polymorphism in Southern Brazil.Journal of neurovirology · 2021Observational
- Balance between Retroviral Latency and Transcription: Based on HIV Model.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
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- Genetic Polymorphisms in the Open Reading Frame of the CCR5 gene From HIV-1 Seronegative and Seropositive Individuals From National Capital Regions of India.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Autophagy Intertwines with Different Diseases-Recent Strategies for Therapeutic Approaches.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Increased Mast Cell Activation in Mongolian Gerbils Infected by Hepatitis E Virus.Frontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
- Mathematical Analysis of Viral Replication Dynamics and Antiviral Treatment Strategies: From Basic Models to Age-Based Multi-Scale Modeling.Frontiers in microbiology · 2018Review
- Impact of Genetic Variations in HIV-1 Tat on LTR-Mediated Transcription via TAR RNA Interaction.Frontiers in microbiology · 2017Article
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- Drug Abuse, HIV, and HCV in Asian Countries.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2016Review
- The Evolving Profile of the Signature Amino Acid Residues in HIV-1 Subtype C Tat.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2016Article
- Genetic and functional characterization of HIV-1 Vif on APOBEC3G degradation: First report of emergence of B/C recombinants from North India.Scientific reports · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDesigning an ideal vaccine against HIV-1 has been difficult due to enormous genetic variability as a result of high replication rate and lack of proofreading activity of reverse transcriptase leading to emergence of genetic variants and recombinants. Tat transactivates HIV-1 LTR, resulting in a remarkable increase in viral gene expression, and plays a vital role in pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic variations of Tat exon-1 from HIV-1 infected patients from North India.
methodsGenomic DNA was isolated from PBMCs and Tat exon-1 was PCR amplified with specific primers followed by cloning, sequencing and sequence analyses using bioinformatic tools for predicting HIV-1 subtypes, recombination events, conservation of domains and phosphorylation sites, and LTR transactivation by luciferase assay.
resultsPhylogenetic analysis of Tat exon-1 variants (n = 120) revealed sequence similarity with South African Tat C sequences and distinct geographical relationships were observed for B/C recombinants. Bootscan analysis of our variants showed 90% homology to Tat C and 10% to B/C recombinants with a precise breakpoint. Natural substitutions were observed with high allelic frequencies which may be beneficial for virus. High amino acid conservation was observed in Tat among Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) recipients. Barring few changes, most of the functional domains, predicted motifs and phosphorylation sites were well conserved in most of Tat variants. dN/dS analysis revealed purifying selection, implying the importance of functional conservation of Tat exon-1. Our Indian Tat C variants and B/C recombinants showed differential LTR transactivation.
conclusionsThe possible role of Tat exon-1 variants in shaping the current HIV-1 epidemic in North India was highlighted. Natural substitutions across conserved functional domains were observed and provided evidence for the emergence of B/C recombinants within the ORF of Tat exon-1. These events are likely to have implications for viral pathogenesis and vaccine formulations.
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