SynthesisPloS one2014
Pneumococcal carriage in sub-Saharan Africa--a systematic review.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Determinants of pneumococcal carriage by age in Africa (2000-2021): a systematic analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Pneumococcal disease in children in the Middle East and Northern Africa: A systematic literature review of clinical burden, serotype distribution, and vaccination programs.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- Antimicrobial resistance among children in sub-Saharan Africa.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Single priming and booster dose of ten-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation in children in South Africa: a single-centre, open-label, randomised trial.The Lancet. Child & adolescent health · 2023Trial
- Effect of Biannual Azithromycin to Children under 5 Years on the Carriage of Respiratory Pathogens among Children Aged 7-11 Years.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Trial
- Post-Vaccination Surveillance of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Ghana.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Air Pollution and Global Pediatric Pneumococcal Disease.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Association of meteorological factors with childhood pneumonia incidence in Central Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia: a time-series study (2013-2022).Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Article
- Pneumococcal Carriage in Burkina Faso After 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction and Before a Schedule Change.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage, multi-drug resistance pattern and associated factors among primary school children at Debre Berhan town, North Shewa, Ethiopia.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2023Article
- Article
- Pneumococcal concentration and serotype distribution in preschool children with radiologically confirmed pneumonia compared to healthy controls prior to introduction of pneumococcal vaccination in Zanzibar: an observational study.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Observational
- Systematic review and meta-analysis on the etiology of bacterial pneumonia in children in sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of public health in Africa · 2022Article
- Influence of sex, season and environmental air quality on experimental human pneumococcal carriage acquisition: a retrospective cohort analysis.ERJ open research · 2022Article
- Widespread sharing of pneumococcal strains in a rural African setting: proximate villages are more likely to share similar strains that are carried at multiple timepoints.Microbial genomics · 2022Article
- Association between household air pollution and nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in Malawian infants (MSCAPE): a nested, prospective, observational study.The Lancet. Global health · 2022Observational
- Nasopharyngeal Carriage and Antibiogram of Pneumococcal and Other Bacterial Pathogens from Children with Sickle Cell Disease in Tanzania.Infection and drug resistance · 2022Article
- Factors associated with pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage: A systematic review.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPneumococcal epidemiology varies geographically and few data are available from the African continent. We assess pneumococcal carriage from studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) before and after the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) era.
methodsA search for pneumococcal carriage studies published before 2012 was conducted to describe carriage in sSA. The review also describes pneumococcal serotypes and assesses the impact of vaccination on carriage in this region.
resultsFifty-seven studies were included in this review with the majority (40.3%) from South Africa. There was considerable variability in the prevalence of carriage between studies (I-squared statistic = 99%). Carriage was higher in children and decreased with increasing age, 63.2% (95% CI: 55.6-70.8) in children less than 5 years, 42.6% (95% CI: 29.9-55.4) in children 5-15 years and 28.0% (95% CI: 19.0-37.0) in adults older than 15 years. There was no difference in the prevalence of carriage between males and females in 9/11 studies. Serotypes 19F, 6B, 6A, 14 and 23F were the five most common isolates. A meta-analysis of four randomized trials of PCV vaccination in children aged 9-24 months showed that carriage of vaccine type (VT) serotypes decreased with PCV vaccination; however, overall carriage remained the same because of a concomitant increase in non-vaccine type (NVT) serotypes.
conclusionPneumococcal carriage is generally high in the African continent, particularly in young children. The five most common serotypes in sSA are among the top seven serotypes that cause invasive pneumococcal disease in children globally. These serotypes are covered by the two PCVs recommended for routine childhood immunization by the WHO. The distribution of serotypes found in the nasopharynx is altered by PCV vaccination.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.