ArticleThe Journal of pediatrics2014
Trends in caffeine use and association between clinical outcomes and timing of therapy in very low birth weight infants.
Article in The Journal of pediatrics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 74 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Prophylactic Versus Therapeutic Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity
A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial of Early Caffeine in Preterm Neonates
Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Safety of Caffeine in Neonates With Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Receiving Therapeutic Hypothermia
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 176 citations in OpenAlex.
- Administration time of caffeine in preterm infants: systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Pooled it
- Early caffeine therapy decreases bronchopulmonary dysplasia but might increase mortality in preterm infants? a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Confounding biases in studies on early- versus late-caffeine in preterm infants: a systematic review.Pediatric research · 2020Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes of early caffeine therapy in preterm neonates.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2017Pooled it
- Early Caffeine Use in Very Low Birth Weight Infants and Neonatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of Korean medical science · 2015Pooled it
- [Comparison of the efficacy of domestic and imported caffeine citrate in the treatment of apnea in preterm infants: a prospective randomized double-blind controlled trial].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2020Trial
- Caffeine to improve breathing effort of preterm infants at birth: a randomized controlled trial.Pediatric research · 2017Trial
- [Effect of early caffeine treatment on the need for respirator therapy in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2016Trial
- Neuromodulation of Limb Proprioceptive Afferents Decreases Apnea of Prematurity and Accompanying Intermittent Hypoxia and Bradycardia.PloS one · 2016Trial
- Association Between Caffeine Citrate Initiation Within the First 2 h of Life and Respiratory Outcomes in Very Preterm Infants: A Single-Center Observational Cohort Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Variation of caffeine use in late preterm infants in U.S. NICUs over time: A 12-year cohort study.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Caffeine for the prevention of acute kidney injury in neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Review
- Caffeine-associated reduction in patent ductus arteriosus is mediated in part by adenosine receptor antagonism.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2025Article
- Methylxanthines: The Major Impact of Caffeine in Clinical Practice in Patients Diagnosed with Apnea of Prematurity.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Caffeine Protects Newborn Rat Lungs Against the Effects of Hyperoxia and Intra-Amniotic Enterotoxin.Pediatric pulmonology · 2025Article
- Neuroprotective effects of caffeine, erythropoietin, magnesium sulfate, and thyroxine in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Current and Emerging Therapies for Prevention and Treatment of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants.Paediatric drugs · 2025Review
- What is the Role of Caffeine in the Management of Preterm Infants?Current treatment options in pediatrics · 2025Review
- Management of Apnoea in Extremely Preterm Infants: A European Survey.Neonatology · 2025Article
- Impact of early caffeine administration on respiratory outcomes in very preterm infants initially receiving invasive mechanical ventilation.BMJ open respiratory research · 2024Observational
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the effect of early initiation of caffeine therapy on neonatal outcomes and characterize the use of caffeine therapy in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. STUDY
designWe analyzed a cohort of 62 056 VLBW infants discharged between 1997 and 2010 who received caffeine therapy. We compared outcomes in infants receiving early caffeine therapy (initial dose before 3 days of life) and those receiving late caffeine therapy (initial dose at or after 3 days of life) through propensity scoring using baseline and early clinical variables. The primary outcome was the association between the timing of caffeine initiation and the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or death.
resultsWe propensity score-matched 29 070 VLBW infants at a 1:1. Of infants receiving early caffeine therapy, 3681 (27.6%) died or developed BPD, compared with 4591 infants (34.0%) receiving late caffeine therapy (OR, 0.74; 99% CI, 0.69-0.80). Infants receiving early caffeine had a lower incidence of BPD (23.1% vs 30.7%; OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.63-0.73) and a higher incidence of death (4.5% vs 3.7%; OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.05-1.43). Infants receiving early caffeine therapy had less treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.55-0.65) and a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation (mean difference, 6 days; P < .001).
conclusionEarly caffeine initiation is associated with a decreased incidence of BPD. Randomized trials are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of early caffeine prophylaxis in VLBW infants.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.