ArticleClinical and experimental immunology2014
Association between discordant immunological response to highly active anti-retroviral therapy, regulatory T cell percentage, immune cell activation and very low-level viraemia in HIV-infected patients.
Article in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune non-response despite effective antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV: A review of potential mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic approaches.HIV medicine · 2026Review
- Correlation of HIV viral load, CD4 count and treatment response among HIV-positive patients in India.Bioinformation · 2026Article
- How to properly define immunological nonresponse to antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV? an integrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- HIV infection impairs the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by altering surfactant protein D function in the human lung alveolar mucosa.Mucosal immunology · 2024Article
- Cellular and molecular insights into incomplete immune recovery in HIV/AIDS patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy: Challenges of immunological non-responders.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2020Review
- Foxp3BMC immunology · 2019Article
- Clinical characteristics of HIV-1-infected patients with high levels of plasma interferon-γ: a multicenter observational study.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Observational
- Is weak CD4+ gain in the course of suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection a current clinical challenge? A case report and brief review of the literature.BMC infectious diseases · 2018Review
- Current views on HIV-1 latency, persistence, and cure.Folia microbiologica · 2017Review
- Longitudinal evaluation of regulatory T-cell dynamics on HIV-infected individuals during the first 2 years of therapy.AIDS (London, England) · 2016Article
- Residual inflammation and viral reservoirs: alliance against an HIV cure.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2016Review
- Stimulation of PBMC and Monocyte-Derived MacrophagesFrontiers in immunology · 2016Article
- Article
- Systemic Cytokine Levels Do Not Predict CD4(+) T-Cell Recovery After Suppressive Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.Open forum infectious diseases · 2016Article
- Increased Regulatory T-Cell Percentage Contributes to Poor CD4(+) Lymphocytes Recovery: A 2-Year Prospective Study After Introduction of Antiretroviral Therapy.Open forum infectious diseases · 2015Article
- Persistent production of an integrase-deleted HIV-1 variant with no resistance mutation and wild-type proviral DNA in a treated patient.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2015Article
- Association between latent proviral characteristics and immune activation in antiretrovirus-treated human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected adults.Journal of virology · 2014Article
- Maraviroc intensification in patients with suppressed HIV viremia has limited effects on CD4+ T cell recovery and gene expression.Antiviral research · 2014Article
- Targeting regulatory T cells to improve vaccine immunogenicity in early life.Frontiers in microbiology · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The mechanisms sustaining the absence of complete immune recovery in HIV-infected patients upon long-term effective highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) remain elusive. Immune activation, regulatory T cells (T(regs)) or very low-level viraemia (VLLV) have been alternatively suspected, but rarely investigated simultaneously. We performed a cross-sectional study in HIV-infected aviraemic subjects (mean duration of HAART: 12 years) to concomitantly assess parameters associated independently with inadequate immunological response. Patients were classified as complete immunological responders (cIR, n = 48) and inadequate immunological responders (iIR, n = 39), depending on the CD4(+) T cell count (> or < 500/mm(3)). Clinical and virological data (including very low-level viraemia) were collected. In parallel, immunophenotyping of CD4(+) lymphocytes, including T(reg) subsets, and CD8(+) T cells was performed. Percentages of activated CD4(+) T cells, T(regs), effector T(regs) and terminal effector T(regs) were found to be significantly elevated in iIR. Neither the percentage of activated CD8(+) T cells nor VLLV were found to be associated with iIR. In the multivariate analysis, nadir of CD4(+) T cell count and percentage of T(regs) were the only two parameters associated independently with iIR [odds ratio (OR) = 2·339, P = 0·001, and OR = 0·803, P = 0·041]. We present here the largest study investigating simultaneously the immune response to long-term HAART, activation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, T(reg) percentages and very low-level viraemia. Causative interactions between T(regs) and CD4(+) T cells should now be explored prospectively in a large patients cohort.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.