ArticleAIDS research and therapy2014
HIV-1 virologic failure and acquired drug resistance among first-line antiretroviral experienced adults at a rural HIV clinic in coastal Kenya: a cross-sectional study.
Article in AIDS research and therapy, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of HIV drug resistance among patients experiencing first-line treatment failure in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Accuracy of measures for antiretroviral adherence in people living with HIV.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Men missing from the HIV care continuum in sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis and meta-synthesis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2022Pooled it
- Factors associated with antiretroviral treatment failure among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in resource-poor settings: a systematic review and metaanalysis.Systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Choice of initial antiretroviral drugs and treatment outcomes among HIV-infected patients in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- A scoping review of disease-modifying antirheumatic drug nonadherence in rheumatoid arthritis: Measurement, prevalence and implications for clinical practice.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Article
- HIV1 drug resistance among patients experiencing first-line treatment failure in Ethiopia: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2024Article
- Virologic Nonsuppression and HIV Drug Resistance Among People Who Inject Drugs and Their Sexual and Injecting Partners in Kenya.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2024Article
- Epidemiological and virological characteristics of people living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment for more than 6 months in virological failure in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.Access microbiology · 2024Article
- HIV-1 Disease Progression and Drug Resistance Mutations among Children on First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Ethiopia.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Virological Non-Suppression among Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive Individuals on Dolutegravir-Based Antiretroviral Treatment in Eastern Ethiopia: Follow-Up Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Growing Up with HIV: Experiences of Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood at Selected Primary Health Facilities in Limpopo Province, South Africa.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Virologic Nonsuppression Among Patients With HIV Newly Diagnosed With Cancer at Uganda Cancer Institute: A Cross-Sectional Study.JCO global oncology · 2023Article
- Antiretroviral treatment failure and associated factors among people living with HIV on therapy in Homa Bay, Kenya: A retrospective study.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Determinants of therapy failure among adults on first-line antiretroviral therapy in Asmara, Eritrea: a multicenter retrospective matched case-control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Article
- HIV virological non-suppression is highly prevalent among 18- to 24-year-old youths on antiretroviral therapy at the Kenyan coast.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Article
- Determinants of virological failure among patients on first line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Southwest Ethiopia: A case-control study.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAn increasing number of people on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa has led to declines in HIV related morbidity and mortality. However, virologic failure (VF) and acquired drug resistance (ADR) may negatively affect these gains. This study describes the prevalence and correlates of HIV-1 VF and ADR among first-line ART experienced adults at a rural HIV clinic in Coastal Kenya.
methodsHIV-infected adults on first-line ART for ≥6 months were cross-sectionally recruited between November 2008 and March 2011. The primary outcome was VF, defined as a one-off plasma viral load of ≥400 copies/ml. The secondary outcome was ADR, defined as the presence of resistance associated mutations. Logistic regression and Fishers exact test were used to describe correlates of VF and ADR respectively.
resultsOf the 232 eligible participants on ART over a median duration of 13.9 months, 57 (24.6% [95% CI: 19.2 - 30.6]) had VF. Fifty-five viraemic samples were successfully amplified and sequenced. Of these, 29 (52.7% [95% CI: 38.8 - 66.3]) had at least one ADR, with 25 samples having dual-class resistance mutations. The most prevalent ADR mutations were the M184V (n = 24), K103N/S (n = 14) and Y181C/Y/I/V (n = 8). Twenty-six of the 55 successfully amplified viraemic samples (47.3%) did not have any detectable resistance mutation. Younger age (15-34 vs. ≥35 years: adjusted odd ratios [95% CI], p-value: 0.3 [0.1-0.6], p = 0.002) and unsatisfactory adherence (<95% vs. ≥95%: 3.0 [1.5-6.5], p = 0.003) were strong correlates of VF. Younger age, unsatisfactory adherence and high viral load were also strong correlates of ADR.
conclusionsHigh levels of VF and ADR were observed in younger patients and those with unsatisfactory adherence. Youth-friendly ART initiatives and strengthened adherence support should be prioritized in this Coastal Kenyan setting. To prevent unnecessary/premature switches, targeted HIV drug resistance testing for patients with confirmed VF should be considered.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.