ArticleCardiovascular psychiatry and neurology2013
Risk of mortality (including sudden cardiac death) and major cardiovascular events in atypical and typical antipsychotic users: a study with the general practice research database.
Article in Cardiovascular psychiatry and neurology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cardiovascular mortality and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association with antidepressant treatment and co-morbidity.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Pharmacological Augmentation in Unipolar Depression: A Guide to the Guidelines.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2020Pooled it
- Atypical antipsychotics, insulin resistance and weight; a meta-analysis of healthy volunteer studies.Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry · 2018Pooled it
- The protocol of the Oslo Study of Clonidine in Elderly Patients with Delirium; LUCID: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.BMC geriatrics · 2015Trial
- Nurse-Led Medicines' Monitoring for Patients with Dementia in Care Homes: A Pragmatic Cohort Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomised Trial.PloS one · 2015Trial
- Article
- Integrated clinical and postmortem profiling in schizophrenia reveals a cognitive subtype linked to cerebrovascular disease.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Real-World Evidence on Low-Dose Olanzapine (≤1.25 mg) for Personalized Antipsychotic Dosing.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- Association of Antipsychotic Polypharmacy and Two-Year All-Cause Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study of 33,221 Italian Continuous Users.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Atrial fibrillation, quality of life and distress: a cluster analysis of cognitive and behavioural responses.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2022Article
- How can we best help this patient? Exploring mental health therapists' reflections on medication-free care for patients with psychosis in Norway.International journal of mental health systems · 2022Article
- Bipolar depression: a review of treatment options.General psychiatry · 2022Review
- Brugada syndrome: should we be screening patients before prescribing psychotropic medication?Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2022Review
- Neurological Disorders and Risk of Arrhythmia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Pharmacologic treatment and SUDEP risk: A nationwide, population-based, case-control study.Neurology · 2020Article
- "It means so much for me to have a choice": a qualitative study providing first-person perspectives on medication-free treatment in mental health care.BMC psychiatry · 2020Article
- Association of atypical antipsychotics and mortality for patients hospitalised with pneumonia.ERJ open research · 2019Article
- Increased All-Cause Mortality by Antipsychotic Drugs: Updated Review and Meta-Analysis in Dementia and General Mental Health Care.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2018Article
- Cardiovascular Disease in Clozapine-Treated Patients: Evidence, Mechanisms and Management.CNS drugs · 2017Review
- Prevalence, incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with pooled and specific severe mental illness: a large-scale meta-analysis of 3,211,768 patients and 113,383,368 controls.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Objective. Antipsychotics have been associated with increased cardiac events including mortality. This study assessed cardiac events including mortality among antipsychotic users relative to nonusers. Methods. The General Practice Research Database (GPRD) was used to identify antipsychotic users, matched general population controls, and psychiatric diseased nonusers. Outcomes included cardiac mortality, sudden cardiac death (SCD), all-cause mortality (excluding suicide), coronary heart disease (CHD), and ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Sensitivity analyses were conducted for age, dose, duration, antipsychotic type, and psychiatric disease. Results. 183,392 antipsychotic users (115,491 typical and 67,901 atypical), 544,726 general population controls, and 193,920 psychiatric nonusers were identified. Nonusers with schizophrenia, dementia, or bipolar disorder had increased risks of all-cause mortality compared to general population controls, while nonusers with major depression had comparable risks. Relative to psychiatric nonusers, the adjusted relative ratios (aRR) of all-cause mortality in antipsychotic users was 1.75 (95% CI: 1.64-1.87); cardiac mortality 1.72 (95% CI: 1.42-2.07); SCD primary definition 5.76 (95% CI: 2.90-11.45); SCD secondary definition 2.15 (95% CI: 1.64-2.81); CHD 1.16 (95% CI: 0.94-1.44); and VA 1.16 (95% CI: 1.02-1.31). aRRs of the various outcomes were lower for atypical versus typical antipsychotics (all-cause mortality 0.83 (95% CI: 0.80-0.85); cardiac mortality 0.89 (95% CI: 0.82-0.97); and SCD secondary definition 0.76 (95% CI: 0.55-1.04). Conclusions. Antipsychotic users had an increased risk of cardiac mortality, all-cause mortality, and SCD compared to a psychiatric nonuser cohort.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.