ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
PhoPQ regulates acidic glycerophospholipid content of the Salmonella Typhimurium outer membrane.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers.
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96 citing papers in PubMed, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Lipid landscaping of the bacterial cell surface.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- The structures and functions of Salmonella outer membrane.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Multifaceted Evolution of the PhoPQ Two-Component System in Salmonella enterica Enhanced the Expression of Horizontally Acquired Virulence Genes.Molecular microbiology · 2025Article
- Opportunities and challenges of bacterial extracellular vesicles in regenerative medicine.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- The Role of Propionate-Induced Rearrangement of Membrane Proteins in the Formation of the Virulent Phenotype of Crohn's Disease-Associated Adherent-InvasiveInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides in the Modern Era: An Updated Review.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Maintenance of bacterial outer membrane lipid asymmetry: insight into MlaA.BMC microbiology · 2024Review
- Membrane lipid remodeling eradicates Helicobacter pylori by manipulating the cholesteryl 6'-acylglucoside biosynthesis.Journal of biomedical science · 2024Article
- Diversity, Complexity, and Specificity of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Structures Impacting Their Detection and Quantification.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Molecular mechanism of phospholipid transport at the bacterial outer membrane interface.Nature communications · 2023Article
- TamAB is regulated by PhoPQ and functions in outer membrane homeostasis duringJournal of bacteriology · 2023Article
- Article
- A Mildly Acidic Environment Alters Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence and Causes Remodeling of the Bacterial Surface.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Construction of a Bacterial Lipidomics Analytical Platform: Pilot Validation with Bovine Paratuberculosis Serum.Metabolites · 2023Article
- A malaria parasite phospholipase facilitates efficient asexual blood stage egress.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Bacterial resistance to antibacterial agents: Mechanisms, control strategies, and implications for global health.The Science of the total environment · 2023Review
- Polymyxin Resistance and Heteroresistance Are Common in Clinical Isolates ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2023Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria have two lipid membranes separated by a periplasmic space containing peptidoglycan. The surface bilayer, or outer membrane (OM), provides a barrier to toxic molecules, including host cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). The OM comprises an outer leaflet of lipid A, the bioactive component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and an inner leaflet of glycerophospholipids (GPLs). The structure of lipid A is environmentally regulated in a manner that can promote bacterial infection by increasing bacterial resistance to CAMP and reducing LPS recognition by the innate immune system. The gastrointestinal pathogen, Salmonella Typhimurium, responds to acidic pH and CAMP through the PhoPQ two-component regulatory system, which stimulates lipid A remodeling, CAMP resistance, and intracellular survival within acidified phagosomes. Work here demonstrates that, in addition to regulating lipid A structure, the S. Typhimurium PhoPQ virulence regulators also regulate acidic GPL by increasing the levels of cardiolipins and palmitoylated acylphosphatidylglycerols within the OM. Triacylated palmitoyl-PG species were diminished in strains deleted for the PhoPQ-regulated OM lipid A palmitoyltransferase enzyme, PagP. Purified PagP transferred palmitate to PG consistent with PagP acylation of both lipid A and PG within the OM. Therefore, PhoPQ coordinately regulates OM acidic GPL with lipid A structure, suggesting that GPLs cooperate with lipid A to form an OM barrier critical for CAMP resistance and intracellular survival of S. Typhimurium.
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