ArticleTobacco control2014
Tobacco industry marketing to low socioeconomic status women in the U.S.A.
Article in Tobacco control, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tobacco Couponing: A Systematic Review of Exposures and Effects on Tobacco Initiation and Cessation.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Pooled it
- Young Adult Responses to Peer Crowd-Based Targeting in E-cigarette Advertisements: An Experimental Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Trial
- Targeted Versus Nontargeted Communication About Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems in Three Smoker Groups.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Trial
- Article
- 'Putting profit over people': Australian women's perceptions of the economic and commercial systems shaping women's health and social inequities.Health promotion international · 2026Article
- Exposing tobacco companies' retail presence and highlighting regulatory options.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2026Article
- Examining rural disparities in cigarette smoking among U.S. women by chronological age: 2002-2022.Preventive medicine · 2025Article
- The role of alternative reinforcers in smoking outcomes among people with and without HIV.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2025Observational
- Lung cancer in non-smoking women (LCINSW): from risk factors to precision therapy.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Review
- 1-866-QUIT-YES: How the Illinois Tobacco Quitline Reached Priority Audiences Through Mass Media.Tobacco use insights · 2025Article
- Financial hardship during the COVID-19 pandemic and increased receipt of commercial tobacco discount coupons among US adults who use commercial tobacco.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Who uses cigarette price promotions in the U.S.? examining the combined effect of social identities.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Sex differences in tobacco use, attempts to quit smoking, and cessation among dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes: Longitudinal findings from the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.Preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Selective Reduction of Socioeconomic Disparities in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace: Effects of Cigarette and E-cigarette Flavor Restrictions.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Review
- Content analysis of IQOS direct mail and email marketing in the US.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- An exploration of attitudes regarding the use of a state tobacco Quitline for smoking cessation among low-income adults with a history of smoking.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2024Article
- Use of tobacco during COVID-19: A qualitative study among medically underserved individuals.PloS one · 2024Article
- Adversities Mediate Social Determinants of Youth Tobacco Use Initiation.Journal of biomedical and life sciences · 2024Article
- Helping low-income smokers quit: findings from a randomized controlled trial comparing specialized quitline services with and without social needs navigation.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2023Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesDescribe tobacco companies' marketing strategies targeting low socioeconomic status (SES) females in the U.S.A.
methodsAnalysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents.
resultsTobacco companies focused marketing on low SES women starting in the late 1970s, including military wives, low-income inner-city minority women, 'discount-susceptible' older female smokers and less-educated young white women. Strategies included distributing discount coupons with food stamps to reach the very poor, discount offers at point-of-sale and via direct mail to keep cigarette prices low, developing new brands for low SES females and promoting luxury images to low SES African-American women. More recently, companies integrated promotional strategies targeting low-income women into marketing plans for established brands.
conclusionsTobacco companies used numerous marketing strategies to reach low SES females in the U.S.A. for at least four decades. Strategies to counteract marketing to low SES women could include (1) counteracting price discounts and direct mail coupons that reduce the price of tobacco products, (2) instituting restrictions on point-of-sale advertising and retail display and (3) creating counteradvertising that builds resistance to psychosocial targeting of low SES women. To achieve health equity, tobacco control efforts are needed to counteract the influence of tobacco industry marketing to low-income women.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.