ArticleThe Pediatric infectious disease journal2014
First trimester exposure to antiretroviral therapy and risk of birth defects.
Article in The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Algorithms to Identify Major Congenital Malformations in Routinely Collected Healthcare Data: A Systematic Review.Drug safety · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Zidovudine use in pregnancy and congenital malformations.AIDS (London, England) · 2017Pooled it
- Follow-up and Outcomes of Infants Perinatally-exposed to HIV in a Low-prevalence Setting: The Multicenter Children's HIV Exposure Study 2.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2025Article
- Antiretroviral Therapy Use During Pregnancy and the Risk of Small for Gestational Age Birth in a Medicaid Population.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2015Article
- Congenital anomalies and in utero antiretroviral exposure in human immunodeficiency virus-exposed uninfected infants.JAMA pediatrics · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUse of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of birth defects, but the evidence remains inconclusive.
methodsWe identified infants born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected mothers between 1994 and 2009 using Tennessee Medicaid data linked to vital records. Maternal HIV status was based on diagnosis codes, prescriptions for ARVs and HIV-related laboratory testing. ARV exposure was identified from pharmacy claims. Birth defects diagnoses during the first year of life were identified from maternal and infant claims and vital records and were confirmed through medical record review. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between first trimester ARV dispensing and birth defects.
resultsOf 806 infants included in the study, 32 (4.0%) had at least 1 major birth defect, most (44%) in the cardiac system. There was no increased risk for infants exposed in the first trimester to ARVs compared with unexposed infants (odds ratio = 1.07; 95% confidence interval: 0.50-2.31). Of the 20 infants exposed to efavirenz, none had a birth defect (0%; 95% confidence interval: 0.0-13.2).
conclusionsThere was no significant association between first trimester ARV dispensing and the risk of birth defects in this Medicaid cohort of HIV-positive women.
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