ArticlePediatric diabetes2015
The effect of childhood cow's milk intake and HLA-DR genotype on risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young.
Article in Pediatric diabetes, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- The virome in early life and childhood and development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Reviews in medical virology · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Specification curve analysis of the TEDDY study reveals large variation in microbiome-based T1D predictive performance.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Vitamin D.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Food Consumption and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes in Children at Increased Genetic Susceptibility for Type 1 Diabetes.The Journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Longitudinal changes in DNA methylation during the onset of islet autoimmunity differentiate between reversion versus progression of islet autoimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Potential Pathogenic Impact of Cow's Milk Consumption and Bovine Milk-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Caseins: Versatility of Their Micellar Organization in Relation to the Functional and Nutritional Properties of Milk.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Microbiota-dependent proteolysis of gluten subverts diet-mediated protection against type 1 diabetes.Cell host & microbe · 2023Article
- Increased levels of anti-BSA antibodies in children with Down syndrome.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Investigating iron intake in risk of progression from islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes: The diabetes autoimmunity study in the young.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Dietary Intake and Body Mass Index Influence the Risk of Islet Autoimmunity in Genetically At-Risk Children: A Mediation Analysis Using the TEDDY Cohort.Pediatric diabetes · 2023Article
- Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes.Current cardiology reports · 2022Review
- Milk Exosomal microRNAs: Postnatal Promoters of β Cell Proliferation but Potential Inducers of β Cell De-Differentiation in Adult Life.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Maternal diabetes negatively impacts fetal health.Open biology · 2022Review
- Preclinical Autoimmune Disease: a Comparison of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Multiple Sclerosis and Type 1 Diabetes.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Benefits of A2 Milk for Sports Nutrition, Health and Performance.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
- Regulation of Pancreatic β-Cell Mass by Gene-Environment Interaction.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2022Review
- Trends in Prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents in the US, 2001-2017.JAMA · 2021Observational
- The Multifactorial Progression from the Islet Autoimmunity to Type 1 Diabetes in Children.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCow's milk intake has been inconsistently associated with islet autoimmunity (IA) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) development. Genetic and environmental factors may modify the effect of cow's milk on IA and T1D risk.
methodsThe Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) follows children at increased T1D risk of IA (presence of autoantibodies to insulin, GAD65, or IA-2 twice in succession) and T1D development. We examined 1835 DAISY children with data on cow's milk intake: 143 developed IA, 40 subsequently developed T1D. Cow's milk protein and lactose intake were calculated from prospectively collected parent- and self-reported food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). High risk HLA-DR genotype: HLA-DR3/4,DQB1*0302; low/moderate risk: all other genotypes. We examined interactions between cow's milk intake, age at cow's milk introduction, and HLA-DR genotype in IA and T1D development. Interaction models contained the base terms (e.g., cow's milk protein and HLA-DR genotype) and an interaction term (e.g., cow's milk protein*HLA-DR genotype).
resultsIn survival models adjusted for total calories, FFQ type, T1D family history, and ethnicity, greater cow's milk protein intake was associated with increased IA risk in children with low/moderate risk HLA-DR genotypes [hazard ratio (HR): 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-1.84], but not in children with high risk HLA-DR genotypes. Cow's milk protein intake was associated with progression to T1D (HR: 1.59, CI: 1.13-2.25) in children with IA.
conclusionsGreater cow's milk intake may increase risk of IA and progression to T1D. Early in the T1D disease process, cow's milk intake may be more influential in children with low/moderate genetic T1D risk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.