ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2014
Sequential acquisition of T cells and antibodies to nontyphoidal Salmonella in Malawian children.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and immunogenicity of the invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS)-GMMA vaccine: a first-in-human, randomised, dose escalation trial.EBioMedicine · 2025Trial
- Recent developments in typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella vaccines.Current opinion in infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Non-typhoidal Salmonella co-infect and complicate Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children under-five: A prospective cohort study on clinical presentation and outcome in Kisantu district hospital, DR Congo.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Observational
- Age-Specific Concentrations and Seroprevalence of Antibodies Against Salmonella Enteritidis (O:9) and Salmonella Typhimurium (O:4,5) Across 3 Sites in Kenya.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Current Applications and Immunological Considerations ofMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- Multivalent vaccines for invasiveInfection and immunity · 2026Review
- Development of a GMMA-based candidate vaccine against invasive nontyphoidalFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Characterization of a Luminescence-Based Serum Bactericidal Activity Assay for Human Sera Against a Panel ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Non-typhoidal Salmonella combination vaccines: clinical development plan and regulatory considerations.Vaccine · 2025Review
- The 2022 Vaccines Against Shigella and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VASE) Conference: Summary of breakout workshops.Vaccine · 2024Article
- The Background, Role and Approach for Development of a Controlled Human Infection Model for Nontyphoidal Salmonella.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2024Review
- NontyphoidalOpen forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- Reduced immunogenicity of a liveFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Understanding the epidemiology of iNTS disease in Africa in preparation for future iNTS- vaccine studies in endemic countries: Seroepidemiology in Africa of iNTS (SAiNTS) Study Protocol: Malawi site [Version 9.0].Wellcome open research · 2023Article
- Complementary measurement of nontyphoidalHeliyon · 2023Article
- The next frontier in vaccine design: blending immune correlates of protection into rational vaccine design.Current opinion in immunology · 2022Review
- Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in Brucellosis in Light of Chronic Bacterial Diseases.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- Article
- Shigella-specific antibodies in the first year of life among Zambian infants: A longitudinal cohort study.PloS one · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSalmonella Typhimurium (STm) remain a prominent cause of bacteremia in sub-Saharan Africa. Complement-fixing antibodies to STm develop by 2 years of age. We hypothesized that STm-specific CD4⁺ T cells develop alongside this process.
methodsEighty healthy Malawian children aged 0-60 months were recruited. STm-specific CD4⁺ T cells producing interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 2 were quantified using intracellular cytokine staining. Antibodies to STm were measured by serum bactericidal activity (SBA) assay, and anti-STm immunoglobulin G antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
resultsBetween 2006 and 2011, STm bacteremias were detected in 449 children <5 years old. STm-specific CD4⁺ T cells were acquired in infancy, peaked at 14 months, and then declined. STm-specific SBA was detectable in newborns, declined in the first 8 months, and then increased to a peak at age 35 months. Acquisition of SBA correlated with acquisition of anti-STm-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) immunoglobulin G (r = 0.329 [95% confidence interval, .552-.062]; P = .01) but not anti-STm-outer membrane protein or anti-STm-flagellar protein (FliC).
conclusionsAcquisition of STm-specific CD4⁺ T cells in early childhood is consistent with early exposure to STm or cross-reactive protein antigens priming this T-cell development. STm-specific CD4⁺ T cells seem insufficient to protect against invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease, but sequential acquisition of SBA to STm LPS is associated with a decline in its incidence.
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