ArticleBMC genomics2014
Sex differences in the human peripheral blood transcriptome.
Article in BMC genomics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 183 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study.PLoS genetics · 2015Pooled it
- Genome-wide association study of sexual maturation in males and females highlights a role for body mass and menarche loci in male puberty.Human molecular genetics · 2014Pooled it
- Machine learning reveals X chromosome transcriptional signatures that classify systemic lupus erythematosus in females.BMC rheumatology · 2026Article
- Molecular heterogeneity in human stroke - What can we learn from the peripheral blood transcriptome?Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Review
- Large-scale analysis of temporal gene expression variation in peripheral blood.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The impact of sex on the immune system explored at the single-cell level.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Sex-stratified genetic regulators of cytokine production in the Dutch and Tanzanian populations.HGG advances · 2026Article
- The sex-biased chromatin modifier SMC1A promotes autoimmunity by shaping inflammatory pathways in patients with SLE.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Chronic social defeat stress induces meningeal neutrophilia via type I interferon signaling in male mice.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Increased ectodysplasin-A2-receptor EDA2R is a ubiquitous hallmark of aging and mediates parainflammatory responses.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The interplay of sex and genotype in disease associations: a comprehensive network analysis in the UK Biobank.Human genomics · 2025Article
- Decoding sex differences in human immunity through systems immunology.Oxford open immunology · 2025Review
- Genome-wide study of gene-by-sex interactions identifies risks for cleft palate.Human genetics · 2024Article
- Independent effects of testosterone, estradiol, and sex chromosomes on gene expression in immune cells of trans- and cisgender individuals.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- The impact of sex on HIV immunopathogenesis and therapeutic interventions.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Review
- Whole blood transcriptome analysis for age- and gender-specific gene expression profiling in Japanese individuals.Journal of biochemistry · 2024Article
- Combined transcriptomics and proteomics unveil the impact of vitamin C in modulating specific protein abundance in the mouse liver.Biological research · 2024Article
- The Evolving Landscape of Gout in the Female: A Narrative Review.Gout, urate, and crystal deposition disease · 2023Article
- Longitudinal multi-omics study reveals common etiology underlying association between plasma proteome and BMI trajectories in adolescent and young adult twins.BMC medicine · 2023Article
- Extensive Alternative Splicing Patterns in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Highlight Sexual Differences.Cells · 2023Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGenomes of men and women differ in only a limited number of genes located on the sex chromosomes, whereas the transcriptome is far more sex-specific. Identification of sex-biased gene expression will contribute to understanding the molecular basis of sex-differences in complex traits and common diseases.
resultsSex differences in the human peripheral blood transcriptome were characterized using microarrays in 5,241 subjects, accounting for menopause status and hormonal contraceptive use. Sex-specific expression was observed for 582 autosomal genes, of which 57.7% was upregulated in women (female-biased genes). Female-biased genes were enriched for several immune system GO categories, genes linked to rheumatoid arthritis (16%) and genes regulated by estrogen (18%). Male-biased genes were enriched for genes linked to renal cancer (9%). Sex-differences in gene expression were smaller in postmenopausal women, larger in women using hormonal contraceptives and not caused by sex-specific eQTLs, confirming the role of estrogen in regulating sex-biased genes.
conclusionsThis study indicates that sex-bias in gene expression is extensive and may underlie sex-differences in the prevalence of common diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.