Regio- and chemoselective immobilization of proteins on gold surfaces.

Protein chips are powerful tools as analytical and diagnostic devices for detection of biomolecular interactions, where the proteins are covalently or noncovalently attached to biosensing surfaces to capture and detect target molecules or biomarkers. Thus, fabrication of biosensing surfaces for regio- and chemoselective immobilization of biomolecules is a crucial step for better biosensor performance. In our previous studies, a regio- and chemoselective immobilization strategy was demonstrated on glass surfaces. This strategy is now used to regioselectively attach proteins to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces. Recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and antibody-binding protein G, bearing a C-terminal CVIA motif, were prepared and a farnesyl analogue with an ω-alkyne moiety was attached to the sulfhydryl moiety in the cysteine side chain by protein farnesyltransferase. The proteins, modified with the bioorthogonal alkyne functional group, were covalently and regioselectively immobilized on thiol or dithiocarbamate (DTC) SAMs on a gold surface by a Huigsen [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction with minimal nonspecific binding. A concentration-dependent increase of fluorescence intensity was observed in wells treated with GFP on both thiol- and DTC-SAMs. The highly ordered, densely packed layer allowed for a high loading of immobilized protein, with a concomitant increase in substrate binding capacity. The DTC-SAMs were substantially more resistant to displacement of the immobilized proteins from the gold surface by β-mercaptoethanol than alkane-thiol SAMs.