ArticleChest2014
Prospective characterization of protracted bacterial bronchitis in children.
Article in Chest, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibiotics for prolonged wet cough in children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of primary ciliary dyskinesia: PCD foundation consensus recommendations based on state of the art review.Pediatric pulmonology · 2016Guideline
- Weekly azithromycin for 48 weeks impacts nasopharyngeal microbial prevalence and Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in children with HIV-associated chronic lung disease.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Bronchoscopic abnormalities in children with chronic nonspecific cough.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Analysis of pathogen distribution and risk factors for extended antibiotic course in children with microbiological-based protracted bacterial bronchitis in southwest China.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up of Tracheo/Bronchomalacia in Children: The Italian Multicenter Experience.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Pediatric bronchiectasis-the importance of early diagnosis of children across the chronic wet cough spectrum.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Review
- Clinical characteristics of infants with protracted bacterial bronchitis: an observational cohort study.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Cough in Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis and Bronchiectasis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Lung microbiome: new insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- The Respiratory Microbiome in Paediatric Chronic Wet Cough: What Is Known and Future Directions.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Article
- Clinical features and pathogen distributions of microbiological-based protracted bacterial bronchitis in children of different ages in Northeast China.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- History Taking as a Diagnostic Tool in Children With Chronic Cough.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Review
- Predictors of the Development of Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis following Presentation to Healthcare for an Acute Respiratory Illness with Cough: Analysis of Three Cohort Studies.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Article
- Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers for Adenovirus Respiratory Infection in Children and Young Adults.Viruses · 2021Review
- Pediatric flexible bronchoscopy: A single-center report.Pediatric pulmonology · 2021Article
- Immune Response against Adenovirus in Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Immunocompetent Children.Vaccines · 2020Article
- Update on protracted bacterial bronchitis in children.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrior studies on protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) in children have been retrospective or based on small cohorts. As PBB shares common features with other pediatric conditions, further characterization is needed to improve diagnostic accuracy among clinicians. In this study, we aim to further delineate the clinical and laboratory features of PBB in a larger cohort, with a specific focus on concurrent viral detection.
methodsChildren with and without PBB (control subjects) undergoing flexible bronchoscopy were prospectively recruited. Basic immune function testing and lymphocyte subset analyses were performed. BAL specimens were processed for cellularity and microbiology. Viruses were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bacteria were identified via culture.
resultsThe median age of the 104 children (69% male) with PBB was 19 months (interquartile range [IQR], 12-30 mo). Compared with control subjects, children with PBB were more likely to have attended childcare (OR, 8.43; 95% CI, 2.34-30.46). High rates of wheeze were present in both groups, and tracheobronchomalacia was common. Children with PBB had significantly elevated percentages of neutrophils in the lower airways compared with control subjects, and adenovirus was more likely to be detected in BAL specimens in those with PBB (OR, 6.69; 95% CI, 1.50-29.80). Median CD56 and CD16 natural killer (NK) cell levels in blood were elevated for age in children with PBB (0.7 × 109/L; IQR, 0.5-0.9 cells/L).
conclusionsChildren with PBB are, typically, very young boys with prolonged wet cough and parent-reported wheeze who have attended childcare. Coupled with elevated NK-cell levels, the association between adenovirus and PBB suggests a likely role of viruses in PBB pathogenesis.
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Registered trials
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