ReviewToxins2014
Regulating toxin-antitoxin expression: controlled detonation of intracellular molecular timebombs.
Review in Toxins, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ribosomal RNA cleavage by the previously unidentified RelS-RelI toxin-antitoxin system controls growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- VapC36-mediated intrinsic stress adaption is required for copper tolerance and pathogenesis ofScience advances · 2026Article
- Ecological determinants of altruism in prokaryote antivirus defense.Biology direct · 2025Article
- Ecological determinants of altruism in prokaryote antivirus defense.Research square · 2025Article
- The VapBC-4 Characterization Indicates It Is a Bona Fide Toxin-Antitoxin Module ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- VapC10 toxin of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti targets tRNASer and controls intracellular lifestyle.The ISME journal · 2024Article
- Toxin:antitoxin ratio sensing autoregulation of theScience advances · 2024Article
- Biochemical and X-ray analyses of the players involved in the faRel2/aTfaRel2 toxin-antitoxin operon.Acta crystallographica. Section F, Structural biology communications · 2023Article
- Recent Advances in Bacterial Persistence Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Focused Overview ofBiomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Linocin M18 protein from the insect pathogenic bacterium Brevibacillus laterosporus isolates.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Article
- Article
- Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems: Novel insights on toxin activation across populations and experimental shortcomings.Current research in microbial sciences · 2023Review
- Structural and mutational analysis of MazE6-operator DNA complex provide insights into autoregulation of toxin-antitoxin systems.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Isolation, Purification, and Characterisation of a Phage Tail-Like Bacteriocin from the Insect Pathogenic BacteriumBiomolecules · 2022Article
- Streptococcal bacterial components in cancer therapy.Cancer gene therapy · 2022Review
- Advances in the Study of Bacterial Toxins, Their Roles and Mechanisms in Pathogenesis.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2022Review
- Microbial Biocontainment Systems for Clinical, Agricultural, and Industrial Applications.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Review
- Minigene as a Novel Regulatory Element in Toxin-Antitoxin Systems.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Bacterial toxin-antitoxin modules: classification, functions, and association with persistence.Current research in microbial sciences · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Genes for toxin-antitoxin (TA) complexes are widely disseminated in bacteria, including in pathogenic and antibiotic resistant species. The toxins are liberated from association with the cognate antitoxins by certain physiological triggers to impair vital cellular functions. TAs also are implicated in antibiotic persistence, biofilm formation, and bacteriophage resistance. Among the ever increasing number of TA modules that have been identified, the most numerous are complexes in which both toxin and antitoxin are proteins. Transcriptional autoregulation of the operons encoding these complexes is key to ensuring balanced TA production and to prevent inadvertent toxin release. Control typically is exerted by binding of the antitoxin to regulatory sequences upstream of the operons. The toxin protein commonly works as a transcriptional corepressor that remodels and stabilizes the antitoxin. However, there are notable exceptions to this paradigm. Moreover, it is becoming clear that TA complexes often form one strand in an interconnected web of stress responses suggesting that their transcriptional regulation may prove to be more intricate than currently understood. Furthermore, interference with TA gene transcriptional autoregulation holds considerable promise as a novel antibacterial strategy: artificial release of the toxin factor using designer drugs is a potential approach to induce bacterial suicide from within.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.