ReviewToxins2014
Toxin-antitoxin systems as multilevel interaction systems.
Review in Toxins, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 130 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
130 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 224 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Overview of Type II and III Toxin-Antitoxin Systems with a Focus on Druggability.Toxins · 2018Pooled it
- The plasmid-host fitness landscape: a new paradigm for predicting the fate of mobile resistance.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Review
- Longitudinal gut microbiota tracking reveals the dynamics of horizontal gene transfer.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Disrupting membranes, controlling cell fate: the role of pore-forming proteins in cell death and therapy.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2025Review
- Gentamicin induction of the gonococcalmBio · 2025Article
- Toxin-antitoxins and sigma factors may optimize the fitness of free-living bacteria throughout the life cycle via an integrated nutrient-responsive cybernetic system.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Review
- Unconventional mRNA processing and degradation pathways for the polycistronic yrzI (spyTA) mRNA in Bacillus subtilis.FEBS letters · 2025Article
- Phages carry orphan antitoxin-like enzymes to neutralize the DarTG1 toxin-antitoxin defense system.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Genomic characterization of a clonal emergentApplied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Chromosomal Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems May Enhance Bacterial Fitness of a Hybrid PathogenicToxins · 2024Article
- Deciphering the role of VapBC13 and VapBC26 toxin antitoxin systems in the pathophysiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Compensatory evolution of chromosomes and plasmids counteracts the plasmid fitness cost.Ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- Phages carry orphan antitoxin-like enzymes to neutralize the DarTG1 toxin-antitoxin defense system.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Phylogenetic analysis ofOpen veterinary journal · 2024Article
- Substrate specificity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis tRNA terminal nucleotidyltransferase toxin MenT3.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Discovery of Antimicrobial Agents Based on Structural and Functional Study of theAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Type II and IV toxin-antitoxin systems coordinately stabilize the integrative and conjugative element of the ICESa2603 family conferring multiple drug resistance in Streptococcus suis.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Strategies to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance in Nosocomial Infections, A Review and Update.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2024Review
- Structural basis of DNA binding by YdaT, a functional equivalent of the CII repressor in the cryptic prophage CP-933P from Escherichia coli O157:H7.Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology · 2023Article
- Mechanism of action ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
70 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules usually composed of a toxin and an antitoxin counteracting the activity of the toxic protein. These systems are widely spread in bacterial and archaeal genomes. TA systems have been assigned many functions, ranging from persistence to DNA stabilization or protection against mobile genetic elements. They are classified in five types, depending on the nature and mode of action of the antitoxin. In type I and III, antitoxins are RNAs that either inhibit the synthesis of the toxin or sequester it. In type II, IV and V, antitoxins are proteins that either sequester, counterbalance toxin activity or inhibit toxin synthesis. In addition to these interactions between the antitoxin and toxin components (RNA-RNA, protein-protein, RNA-protein), TA systems interact with a variety of cellular factors, e.g., toxins target essential cellular components, antitoxins are degraded by RNAses or ATP-dependent proteases. Hence, TA systems have the capacity to interact with each other at different levels. In this review, we will discuss the different interactions in which TA systems are involved and their implications in TA system functions and evolution.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.