ArticleAutophagy2014
Glutathione transferase mu 2 protects glioblastoma cells against aminochrome toxicity by preventing autophagy and lysosome dysfunction.
Article in Autophagy, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aminochrome-Induced Disruption of Autophagosome-Lysosome Fusion: Implications for Protein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Nicotine protects astrocytes expressing alpha-synuclein against aminochrome cytotoxicity: Implications for Parkinson's disease.Research square · 2026Article
- Astrocytic GSTM2-STAT3 interaction ameliorates the diabetes associated cognitive dysfunction via targeting mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress.Redox biology · 2026Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of Dopaminergic Neuron Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Review.Current neuropharmacology · 2026Review
- Neuromelanin-induced cellular stress and neurotoxicity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2025Review
- A Potential Role of Natural Bioactive Compounds Found in Food in the Prevention of Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Improving dermal fibroblast-to-epidermis communications and aging wound repair through extracellular vesicle-mediated delivery of Gstm2 mRNA.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Article
- Transcriptome and proteome analyses reveal that upregulation of GSTM2 by allisartan improves cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in hypertensive rats.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Article
- Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Glial Cells as Molecular Target for Parkinson's Disease.Cells · 2024Review
- Single-neuron neurodegeneration as a degenerative model for Parkinson's disease.Neural regeneration research · 2024Review
- Protective Effects of Flavonoid Rutin Against Aminochrome Neurotoxicity.Neurotoxicity research · 2023Article
- A Preclinical Model for Parkinson's Disease Based on Transcriptional Gene Activation via KEAP1/NRF2 to Develop New Antioxidant Therapies.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Aminochrome Induces Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss: A New Preclinical Model to Find Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Drugs for Parkinson's Disease.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Article
- Glutathione S-transferase Mu 2 inhibits hepatic steatosis via ASK1 suppression.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Glutathione S-transferase Mu 2 inhibits hepatic steatosis via ASK1 suppression.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Fetal Neuroprotective Mechanism of Maternal Magnesium Sulfate: Proteomic Analysis.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2022Article
- The dual roles of autophagy and the GPCRs-mediating autophagy signaling pathway after cerebral ischemic stroke.Molecular brain · 2022Review
- Neuroprotection against Aminochrome Neurotoxicity: Glutathione Transferase M2-2 and DT-Diaphorase.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Glutathione S-Transferase M3 Is Associated with Glycolysis in Intrinsic Temozolomide-Resistant Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Cellular Trafficking of Glutathione Transferase M2-2 Between U373MG and SHSY-S7 Cells is Mediated by Exosomes.Neurotoxicity research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
U373MG cells constitutively express glutathione S-transferase mu 2 (GSTM2) and exhibit (3)H-dopamine uptake, which is inhibited by 2 µM of nomifensine and 15 µM of estradiol. We generated a stable cell line (U373MGsiGST6) expressing an siRNA against GSTM2 that resulted in low GSTM2 expression (26% of wild-type U373MG cells). A significant increase in cell death was observed when U373MGsiGST6 cells were incubated with 50 µM purified aminochrome (18-fold increase) compared with wild-type cells. The incubation of U373MGsiGST6 cells with 75 µM aminochrome resulted in the formation of autophagic vacuoles containing undigested cellular components, as determined using transmission electron microscopy. A significant increase in autophagosomes was determined by measuring endogenous LC3-II, a significant decrease in cell death was observed in the presence of bafilomycin A 1, and a significant increase in cell death was observed in the presence of trehalose. A significant increase in LAMP2 immunostaining was observed, a significant decrease in bright red fluorescence of lysosomes with acridine orange was observed, and bafilomycin A 1 pretreatment reduced the loss of lysosome acidity. A significant increase in cell death was observed in the presence of lysosomal protease inhibitors. Aggregation of TUBA/α-tubulin (tubulin, α) and SQSTM1 protein accumulation were also observed. Moreover, a significant increase in the number of lipids droplets was observed compared with U373MG cells with normal expression of GSTM2. These results support the notion that GSTM2 is a protective enzyme against aminochrome toxicity in astrocytes and that aminochrome cell death in U373MGsiGST6 cells involves autophagic-lysosomal dysfunction.
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Registered trials
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