ArticleClinical oral investigations2014
Factors associated with black tooth stain in Chinese preschool children.
Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oral health status in children with black tooth stain.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Article
- Association Between Chromogenic Black Stain and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Oral microbial profiles of extrinsic black tooth stain in primary dentition: A literature review.Journal of dental sciences · 2024Review
- Effect of A Fluoride Toothpaste Containing Enzymes and Salivary Proteins on Periodontal Pathogens in Subjects with Black Stain: A Pilot Study.European journal of dentistry · 2024Article
- Article
- Characterization of the oral microbiome and gut microbiome of dental caries and extrinsic black stain in preschool children.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- The association between black stain and lower risk of dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · 2022Review
- Black staining: an overview for the general dental practitioner.British dental journal · 2022Article
- Epidemiological and Microbiome Characterization of Black Tooth Stain in Preschool Children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Black stain and dental caries in primary teeth of Tunisian preschool children.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2021Article
- Salivary Microbiome Variation in Early Childhood Caries of Children 3-6 Years of Age and Its Association With Iron Deficiency Anemia and Extrinsic Black Stain.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Comparing dental plaque microbiome diversity of extrinsic black stain in the primary dentition using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technique.BMC oral health · 2019Article
- Risk factors for the presence of dental black plaque.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Mobile Apps for Oral Health Promotion: Content Review and Heuristic Usability Analysis.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2018Article
- Article
- Black stain and dental caries: a review of the literature.BioMed research international · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of black tooth stain and associated factors in primary dentition in Shanghai, China. MATERIALS AND
methodsThrough a cross-sectional design, preschool children were randomly recruited from 12 kindergartens. Children's dental caries were assessed on the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) and surfaces (dmfs). The presence of black tooth stain was examined, and the visible plaque index was calculated. Questionnaires were completed by the children's parents or guardians. Negative binomial regression was used to investigate the associated factors.
resultsA total of 2,023 children were invited, and 1,397 examined participants with questionnaire data were included in final analysis. The rate of black tooth stain was 9.9 % with mean age of 4.55 years. Compared to children without black stain, children with black stain had a significant lower prevalence and experience of dental caries (P < 0.01). Factors for black stain were age, born in Shanghai, parents' higher education level, lower visible plaque index and mean dmfs, less use of nursing bottle, food with more soy sauce, and history of pneumonia.
conclusionsPreschool children with black tooth stain had fewer dental caries. Further studies are warranted to explore the microbiologic risk factors for black tooth stain and to evaluate the causal-effect factors using prospective study design. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In clinics, dentists should pay more attention to this aesthetic problem for the relative high prevalence of black tooth stain in primary dentition. Also, the related factors can be explained to parents for the prevention of black tooth stain in children.
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