ArticlePloS one2014
Gambogenic acid kills lung cancer cells through aberrant autophagy.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unlocking the dual role of autophagy: A new strategy for treating lung cancer.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2025Review
- Antitumor effects and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine gamboge: A review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- The tubulin polymerization inhibitor gambogenic acid induces myelodysplastic syndrome cell apoptosis through upregulation of Fas expression mediated by the NF-κB signaling pathway.Cancer biology & therapy · 2024Article
- Natural products targeting ferroptosis pathways in cancer therapy (Review).Oncology reports · 2024Review
- Cinnamaldehyde ameliorates STZ-induced diabetes through modulation of autophagic process in adipocyte and hepatic tissues on rats.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Herbal Medicine Nanocrystals: A Potential Novel Therapeutic Strategy.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Medicinal herbs and bioactive compounds overcome the drug resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer.Oncology letters · 2021Review
- Gambogenic Acid Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Colorectal Cancer via the Aurora A Pathway.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Article
- Polyphenol-Mediated Autophagy in Cancer: Evidence of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Ferrostatin-1 protects HT-22 cells from oxidative toxicity.Neural regeneration research · 2020Article
- Autophagic flux disruption contributes to Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide-induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells via MAPK/ERK activation.Cell death & disease · 2019Article
- Modafinil protects hippocampal neurons by suppressing excessive autophagy and apoptosis in mice with sleep deprivation.British journal of pharmacology · 2019Article
- Traditional Chinese medicine-combination therapies utilizing nanotechnology-based targeted delivery systems: a new strategy for antitumor treatment.International journal of nanomedicine · 2019Review
- A New Linkage between the Tumor Suppressor RKIP and Autophagy: Targeted Therapeutics.Critical reviews in oncogenesis · 2018Review
- Gambogenic Acid Exerts Antitumor Activity in Hypoxic Multiple Myeloma Cells by Regulation of miR-21.Journal of Cancer · 2017Article
- Molecular targets of gambogic acid in cancer: recent trends and advancements.Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine · 2016Review
- Gambogenic acid inhibits LPS-simulated inflammatory response by suppressing NF-κB and MAPK in macrophages.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2016Article
- Enhancement of radiotherapy by ceria nanoparticles modified with neogambogic acid in breast cancer cells.International journal of nanomedicine · 2015Article
- Elaborating the role of natural products-induced autophagy in cancer treatment: achievements and artifacts in the state of the art.BioMed research international · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer and causes 1.38 million deaths annually, as of 2008 worldwide. Identifying natural anti-lung cancer agents has become very important. Gambogenic acid (GNA) is one of the active compounds of Gamboge, a traditional medicine that was used as a drastic purgative, emetic, or vermifuge for treating tapeworm. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that GNA exerts promising anti-tumor effects; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present paper, we found that GNA could induce the formation of vacuoles, which was linked with autophagy in A549 and HeLa cells. Further studies revealed that GNA triggers the initiation of autophagy based on the results of MDC staining, AO staining, accumulation of LC3 II, activation of Beclin 1 and phosphorylation of P70S6K. However, degradation of p62 was disrupted and free GFP could not be released in GNA treated cells, which indicated a block in the autophagy flux. Further studies demonstrated that GNA blocks the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes by inhibiting acidification in lysosomes. This dysfunctional autophagy plays a pro-death role in GNA-treated cells by activating p53, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 while decreasing Bcl-2. Beclin 1 knockdown greatly decreased GNA-induced cell death and the effects on p53, Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2. Similar results were obtained using a xenograft model. Our findings show, for the first time, that GNA can cause aberrant autophagy to induce cell death and may suggest the potential application of GNA as a tool or viable drug in anticancer therapies.
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