Breast cancer stem cells, pathways and therapeutic perspectives 2011.

The evidence for the existence of a heterogeneous population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) responsible for the initiation and maintenance of cancer has been characterized for several tumors recently. Purification and molecular characterization of normal human mammary stem cells from cultured mammospheres has been achieved, providing evidence supporting a model in which breast tumor heterogeneity is a reflection of a number of CSC-like cells in the tumor. A number of experimental methodologies have been developed to characterize epithelial stem cells, including the expression of cell surface or intracellular markers, mammosphere formation, exclusion of fluorescent dye by a side population, retention of the radionucleotide label, etc. Methodologies have also been successfully employed to identify tumorigenic cells within breast cancers. The most important characteristics of stem cells are the capacity for self-renewal and the regulation of the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. In the mammary gland, signaling pathways, such as Hedgehog (Hh), Wnt/β-catenin, and Notch, play a role in embryogenesis and organogenesis and maintenance of tissues in the adult through regulation of the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. Breast TAAs include epitopes from proteins, such as carcinoembryonic antigen and NYBR-1, which are involved in tissue differentiation. Targeting BCSCs may be achieved by a number of approaches such as chemotherapy sensitization of BCSCs, differentiating therapy, targeting stem cell elimination, targeting signaling pathways and drug transporters, and inhibition of regulatory pathways involved in self-renewal. Targeting cells which have the potential to metastasize will be an important aspect of the BCSC field as these are the cells that cause the majority of morbidity and mortality from breast cancer.