ArticleStroke2014
Inhibition of transforming growth factor-β attenuates brain injury and neurological deficits in a rat model of germinal matrix hemorrhage.
Article in Stroke, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It carries an expression of concern. Cited by 34 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review of the Differential Effects of TGF-β1 in Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Preclinical Stroke Models.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Pooled it
- CSF hypersecretion versus impaired CSF absorption in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a systematic review.Acta neurochirurgica · 2023Pooled it
- The role of blood product removal in intraventricular hemorrhage of prematurity: a meta-analysis of the clinical evidence.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2022Pooled it
- Intraventricular hemorrhage and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm infants: diagnosis, classification, and treatment options.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2019Pooled it
- Exendin-4 improves neurodevelopmental outcome after neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Navigating challenges in hydrocephalus following intraventricular hemorrhage: a comprehensive review of current evidence.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- The immunological landscape of traumatic brain injury: insights from pathophysiology to experimental models.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- Pharmacological Strategies and Surgical Management of Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus Following Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Preterm Infants.Current neuropharmacology · 2025Review
- Advancing Hydrocephalus Management: Pathogenesis Insights, Therapeutic Innovations, and Emerging Challenges.Aging and disease · 2024Review
- Loss of TGFβ-Mediated Repression of Angiopoietin-2 in Pericytes Underlies Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage Pathogenesis.Stroke · 2024Article
- Review
- Heart failure-induced cognitive dysfunction is mediated by intracellular CaNature neuroscience · 2023Article
- Review
- Ultrasound imaging of preterm brain injury: fundamentals and updates.Pediatric radiology · 2022Review
- Therapeutic Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Post-stroke Vascular Cognitive Impairment: A Prospective Pilot Study.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Thrombocytopenia: is it a prognostic factor for development of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus in neonates?Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2021Article
- The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Developing Brain: Current Perspective and Promising Source of Biomarkers and Therapy for Perinatal Brain Injury.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Review
- TGF-β1-Mediated Activation of SERPINE1 is Involved in Hemin-Induced Apoptotic and Inflammatory Injury in HT22 Cells.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2021Article
- Serelaxin activates eNOS, suppresses inflammation, attenuates developmental delay and improves cognitive functions of neonatal rats after germinal matrix hemorrhage.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Testisin/Prss21 deficiency causes increased vascular permeability and a hemorrhagic phenotype during luteal angiogenesis.PloS one · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Expression of concern
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
background and purposeTransforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) overproduction and activation of the TGF-β pathway are associated with the development of brain injury following germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) in premature infants. We examined the effects of GMH on the level of TGF-β1 in a novel rat collagenase-induced GMH model and determined the effect of inhibition of the TGF receptor I.
methodsIn total, 92 seven-day old (P7) rats were used. Time-dependent effects of GMH on the level of TGF-β1 and TGF receptor I were evaluated by Western blot. A TGF receptor I inhibitor (SD208) was administered daily for 3 days, starting either 1 hour or 3 days after GMH induction. The effects of GMH and SD208 on the TGF-β pathway were evaluated by Western blot at day 3. The effects of GMH and SD208 on cognitive and motor function were also assessed. The effects of TGF receptor I inhibition by SD208 on GMH-induced brain injury and underlying molecular pathways were investigated by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and morphology studies 24 days after GMH.
resultsGMH induced significant delay in development, caused impairment in both cognitive and motor functions, and resulted in brain atrophy in rat subjects. GMH also caused deposition of both vitronectin (an extracellular matrix protein) and glial fibrillary acidic protein in perilesion areas, associated with development of hydrocephalus. SD208 ameliorated GMH-induced developmental delay, improved cognitive and motor functions, and attenuated body weight loss. SD208 also decreased vitronectin and glial fibrillary acidic protein deposition and decreased GMH-induced brain injury.
conclusionsIncreased level of TGF-β1 and activation of the TGF-β pathway associate with the development of brain injury after GMH. SD208 inhibits GMH-induced activation of the TGF-β pathway and leads to an improved developmental profile, partial recovery of cognitive and motor functions, and attenuation of GMH-induced brain atrophy and hydrocephalus.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.