ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2014
Temporal trends in phthalate exposures: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2010.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 299 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
299 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 571 citations in OpenAlex.
- Filling gaps in population estimates of phthalate exposure globally: A systematic review and meta-analysis of international biomonitoring data.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2025Pooled it
- Hazards of diethyl phthalate (DEP) exposure: A systematic review of animal toxicology studies.Environment international · 2020Pooled it
- Hazards of diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) exposure: A systematic review of animal toxicology studies.Environment international · 2019Pooled it
- Phthalate Metabolite, Mono(2-Ethyl-5-Hydroxyhexyl) Phthalate (MEHHP), Promotes Uterine-Fibroid-Associated Phenotypes in Myometrial Stem Cell-Derived 3D Organoids.Environmental toxicology · 2026Article
- Household food security and urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations among US adults: Evidence from NHANES 2003-2018.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- A robust and validated method for the determination of 21 urinary metabolites of 15 plasticizers, including phthalates, DEHTP, and DINCH, by online SPE and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Associations of urinary phthalate metabolite and replacement chemical concentrations with gestational blood pressure.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- Prenatal phthalate exposure and emotional-behavioral problems in children aged 1.5 to 3 years from the PROTECT birth cohort.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- In vitro assessment of the impact of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its metabolites on the function and transcription of key glucose sensing proteins in a rat pancreatic β-cell line.BMC research notes · 2026Article
- Occupation and urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations in a national survey of adults in Canada.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Article
- Mechanistic insights and ameliorative strategies: advances in DEHP-induced metabolic toxicity and intervention by natural bioactive compounds and probiotics.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Review
- Article
- Characterizing Prenatal Exposure to Contemporary and Emerging Chemicals in a Prospective Cohort of Pregnant Women in Atlanta, Georgia.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Clean beauty gentrification: The role of historic and contemporary resource allocation practices on hair product safety in Boston, MA.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Mediating effect of social determinants of health between race and phthalate biomarkers in pregnancy.Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Urinary and circulatory levels of plasticizer metabolites and their associations with renal function: a cross-sectional analysis of the NHANES cohort.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Phthalates exposure and longitudinal trajectories of body composition and regional fat distribution in children: shifting towards "apple-shaped" body and the role of physical activity.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Associations between urinary biomarkers of phthalates and phthalate alternatives and female sexual function in a North American cohort.The journal of sexual medicine · 2025Article
- Integrated chemical exposome-metabolome profiling of follicular fluid and associations with fertility outcomes during assisted reproduction.Environment international · 2025Article
- Association of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations with inflammatory biomarker levels among pregnant women.Environmental research · 2025Article
239 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPhthalates are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Because of potential adverse effects on human health, butylbenzyl phthalate [BBzP; metabolite, monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP)], di-n-butyl phthalate [DnBP; metabolite, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP)], and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are being replaced by substitutes including other phthalates; however, little is known about consequent trends in population-level exposures.
objectiveWe examined temporal trends in urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites in the general U.S. population and whether trends vary by sociodemographic characteristics.
methodsWe combined data on 11 phthalate metabolites for 11,071 participants from five cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2010). Percent changes and least square geometric means (LSGMs) were calculated from multivariate regression models.
resultsLSGM concentrations of monoethyl phthalate, MnBP, MBzP, and ΣDEHP metabolites decreased between 2001-2002 and 2009-2010 [percent change (95% CI): -42% (-49, -34); -17% (-23, -9); -32% (-39, -23) and -37% (-46, -26), respectively]. In contrast, LSGM concentrations of monoisobutyl phthalate, mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), monocarboxyoctyl phthalate, and monocarboxynonyl phthalate (MCNP) increased over the study period [percent change (95% CI): 206% (178, 236); 25% (8, 45); 149% (102, 207); and 15% (1, 30), respectively]. Trends varied by subpopulations for certain phthalates. For example, LSGM concentrations of ΣDEHP metabolites, MCPP, and MCNP were higher in children than adults, but the gap between groups narrowed over time (pinteraction < 0.01).
conclusionsExposure of the U.S. population to phthalates has changed in the last decade. Data gaps make it difficult to explain trends, but legislative activity and advocacy campaigns by nongovernmental organizations may play a role in changing trends. CITATION: Zota AZ, Calafat AM, Woodruff TJ. 2014. Temporal trends in phthalate exposures: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2010. Environ Health Perspect 122:235-241; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306681.
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