ArticlePediatrics2014
Disparities in age-appropriate child passenger restraint use among children aged 1 to 12 years.
Article in Pediatrics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multimodal Intervention and Child Passenger Safety Guideline Adherence in Young Children: A Sequential, Multiple-Assignment, Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Randomised feasibility trial of a virtual intervention to address infant car seat misuse.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2023Trial
- Pilot Trial of an Emergency Department-based Intervention to Promote Child Passenger Safety Best Practices.Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine · 2019Trial
- Demographic Patterns of Age- and Size-Appropriate Child Restraint Use in Chicago.Academic pediatrics · 2026Article
- Community norms and transportation safety behaviors among caregivers of children 6 months to 10 years old in chicago.Traffic injury prevention · 2026Article
- Racial Differences in the Identification of Seat Belt Signs Among Pediatric Motor Vehicle Crash Occupants.Pediatric emergency care · 2025Article
- Childhood opportunity and appropriate use of child safety restraints in motor vehicle collisions.World journal of pediatric surgery · 2024Article
- "Tiny Cargo, Big Deal! Abróchame Bien, Cuídame Bien", an emergency department-based intervention to promote child passenger safety: Protocol for an adaptive randomized trial among caregivers of 6-month through 10-year-old children.Contemporary clinical trials · 2022Article
- An Adapted Child Safety Seat Hassles Score Is Associated With Suboptimal Child Passenger Safety Behaviors Among Parents.Academic pediatrics · 2021Article
- Using Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) to examine injury in front vs. rear-seated infants and children involved in a motor vehicle crash in New York State.Injury epidemiology · 2021Article
- A Process Evaluation Protocol for Examining the Impact of Instructions for Correct Use of Child Car Seats Designed through a Consumer-Driven Process and Evaluated in a Field-Based Randomised Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Study protocol: a randomised non-inferiority trial using interactive virtual presence to remotely assist parents with child restraint installations.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2020Article
- Child passenger fatality: Child restraint system usage and contributing factors among the youngest passengers from 2011 to 2015.Journal of safety research · 2019Article
- Characterizing the child passenger safety workforce in Michigan: A statewide survey in 2015.Traffic injury prevention · 2019Article
- Factors Associated With Child Restraint Use in Motor Vehicle Crashes.Clinical pediatrics · 2018Article
- Discordance between age- and size-based criteria of child passenger restraint appropriateness.Traffic injury prevention · 2018Article
- "He's the Number One Thing in My World": Application of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model to Explore Child Car Seat Use in a Regional Community in New South Wales.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
- Are mHealth Interventions to Improve Child Restraint System Installation of Value? A Mixed Methods Study of Parents.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
- Child Passenger Safety in the Somali Communities of Columbus, Ohio.Journal of community health · 2017Article
- The influence of parental education and other socio-economic factors on child car seat use.Zdravstveno varstvo · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveObserved racial disparities in child safety seat use have not accounted for socioeconomic factors. We hypothesized that racial differences in age-appropriate restraint use would be modified by socioeconomic status and child passenger safety information sources.
methodsA 2-site, cross-sectional tablet-based survey of parents seeking emergency care for their 1- to 12-year-old child was conducted between October 2011 and May 2012. Parents provided self-report of child passenger safety practices, demographic characteristics, and information sources. Direct observation of restraint use was conducted in a subset of children at emergency department discharge. Age-appropriate restraint use was defined by Michigan law.
resultsOf the 744 eligible parents, 669 agreed to participate and 601 provided complete responses to key variables. White parents reported higher use of car seats for 1- to 3-year-olds and booster seats for 4- to 7-year-olds compared with nonwhite parents. Regardless of race, <30% of 8- to 12-year-old children who were ≤4 feet, 9 inches tall used a booster seat. White parents had higher adjusted odds (3.86, 95% confidence interval 2.27-6.57) of reporting age-appropriate restraint use compared with nonwhite parents, controlling for education, income, information sources, and site. There was substantial agreement (82.6%, κ = 0.74) between parent report of their child's usual restraint and the observed restraint at emergency department discharge.
conclusionsEfforts should be directed at eliminating racial disparities in age-appropriate child passenger restraint use for children <8 years. Booster seat use, seat belt use, and rear seating represent opportunities to improve child passenger safety practices among older children.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.