ArticleJournal of neurovirology2014
Antiretroviral drugs induce oxidative stress and neuronal damage in the central nervous system.
Article in Journal of neurovirology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 131 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 186 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mitochondrial changes associated with viral infectious diseases in the paediatric population.Reviews in medical virology · 2021Pooled it
- Article
- HIV Infection, Neurotoxicity, Inflammation, Premature Aging, and Therapeutic Challenges to PLWH: An Overview.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Elevated neurotransmitter levels in people with HIV are associated with attention function.Neurobiology of disease · 2026Article
- Exposure to Frontline Antiretroviral Dolutegravir Disrupts Oligodendrocyte Development Across Differentiation Stages.ASN neuro · 2026Article
- Liposomal-Cannabidiol Nanoformulation to Suppress HIV Replication and Reduce Oxidative Stress in Infected Microglia.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2025Article
- Oxidative Stress in HIV-Associated Neurodegeneration: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Effect of in vitro exposure of first-line antiretrovirals on healthy human spermatozoa on kinematics and motility.International urology and nephrology · 2025Article
- Oxidative Stress in People Living With HIV: Are Diverse Supplement Sources the Solution?Health science reports · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicle-Liposome-Darunavir Formulation for the Treatment of HIV Neuropathogenesis.ACS applied nano materials · 2025Article
- Assessing cognitive impairment in HIV-infected: a comparative study of international HIV Dementia Scale, HIV Dementia Scale Italian version and Montreal cognitive assessment in clinical practice.Journal of neurovirology · 2025Article
- Antiretroviral drug therapy does not reduce neuroinflammation in an HIV-1 infection brain organoid model.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Ascorbic Acid Prevents Efavirenz-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior and Brain Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Hippocampal Microanatomy and Neuro-Biomarkers Following Administration of Silver Nanoparticles Conjugated with Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Experimental Diabetic Rats.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Genetic knock-in of EIF2AK3 variants reveals differences in PERK activity in mouse liver and pancreas under endoplasmic reticulum stress.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- ROS Chronicles in HIV Infection: Genesis of Oxidative Stress, Associated Pathologies, and Therapeutic Strategies.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- Mental health and cognition in relation to adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV in Kazakhstan: a cross-sectional study.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Article
- Genetic Variations in EIF2AK3 are Associated with Neurocognitive Impairment in People Living with HIV.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2024Article
- Inflammatory mechanisms contributing to retinal alterations in HIV infection and long-term ART.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2024Review
- LM11A-31, a modulator of p75 neurotrophin receptor, suppresses HIV-1 replication and inflammatory response in macrophages.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2024Article
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
21 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), characterized by a wide spectrum of behavioral, cognitive, and motor dysfunctions, continues to affect approximately 50 % of HIV(+) patients despite the success of combination antiretroviral drug therapy (cART) in the periphery. Of note, potential toxicity of antiretroviral drugs in the central nervous system (CNS) remains remarkably underexplored and may contribute to the persistence of HAND in the cART era. Previous studies have shown antiretrovirals (ARVs) to be neurotoxic in the peripheral nervous system in vivo and in peripheral neurons in vitro. Alterations in lipid and protein metabolism, mitochondrial damage, and oxidative stress all play a role in peripheral ARV neurotoxicity. We hypothesized that ARVs also induce cellular stresses in the CNS, ultimately leading to neuronal damage and contributing to the changing clinical and pathological picture seen in HIV-positive patients in the cART era. In this report, we show that ARVs are neurotoxic in the CNS in both pigtail macaques and rats in vivo. Furthermore, in vitro, ARVs lead to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ultimately induction of neuronal damage and death. Whereas ARVs alone caused some activation of the endogenous antioxidant response in vitro, augmentation of this response by a fumaric acid ester, monomethyl fumarate (MMF), blocked ARV-induced ROS generation, and neuronal damage/death. These findings implicate oxidative stress as a contributor to the underlying mechanisms of ARV-induced neurotoxicity and will provide an access point for adjunctive therapies to complement ARV therapy and reduce neurotoxicity in this patient population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.