ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2014
Toxicity of gutkha, a smokeless tobacco product gone global: is there more to the toxicity than nicotine?
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco: Exploring the Intricate Relationship between Smokeless Tobacco Dependence and Periodontal Status.International journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- The controversial effect of smoking and nicotine in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2023Review
- Toxic effects of smokeless tobacco on female reproductive health: A review.Current research in toxicology · 2022Review
- Patterns of Periodontal Destruction among Smokeless Tobacco Users in a Central Indian Population.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Correlation between smokeless tobacco (Gutkha) and biomarkers of oxidative stress in plasma with cardiovascular effects.Heliyon · 2021Article
- Chronic electronic cigarette use elicits molecular changes related to pulmonary pathogenesis.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2020Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Gutkha, a Globally Relevant Smokeless Tobacco Product, Induces Hepatic Changes in Adult Mice.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- A qualitative study of gutka and paan masala use among Bhutanese and Burmese migrants in Georgia.PloS one · 2020Article
- Conscious Abstinence from Smokeless Tobacco Evokes Higher Withdrawal Response and Impairs Cognitive Performance Independent of Sympathetic Response.Annals of neurosciences · 2020Article
- Pregnant Women in Four Low-Middle Income Countries Have a High Prevalence of Inadequate Dietary Intakes That Are Improved by Dietary Diversity.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Effect of Gutkha: A Fast-growing Smokeless Tobacco.Addiction & health · 2018Review
- Curcumin improves liver damage in male mice exposed to nicotine.Journal of traditional and complementary medicine · 2016Article
- Toxicity of Smokeless Tobacco Extract after 184-Day Repeated Oral Administration in Rats.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2016Article
- Striatal dopamine release regulation by the cholinergic properties of the smokeless tobacco, gutkha.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The popularity of smokeless tobacco (ST) is growing rapidly and its prevalence of use is rising globally. Consumption of Gutkha, an addictive form of ST, is particularly common amongst South Asian communities throughout the World. This includes within the US, following large-scale immigration into the country. However, there exists a lack of knowledge concerning these alternative tobacco products. To this end, a study was carried out to determine the toxicity of gutkha, and what role, if any, nicotine contributes to the effects. Adult male mice were treated daily for 3-week (5 day/week, once/day), via the oral mucosa, with equal volumes (50 μL) of either sterile water (control), a solution of nicotine dissolved in water (0.24 mg of nicotine), or a solution of lyophilized guthka dissolved in water (21 mg lyophilized gutkha). Serum cotinine, measured weekly, was 36 and 48 ng/mL in gutkha- and nicotine-treated mice, respectively. Results demonstrated that exposure to nicotine and gutkha reduced heart weight, while exposure to gutkha, but not nicotine, decreased liver weight, body weight, and serum testosterone levels (compared to controls). These findings suggest that short-term guhtka use adversely impacts growth and circulating testosterone levels, and that gutkha toxicity may be driven by components other than nicotine. As use of guthka increases worldwide, future studies are needed to further delineate toxicological implications such that appropriate policy decisions can be made.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.