ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2014
Assessing rod, cone, and melanopsin contributions to human pupil flicker responses.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Joint infrared pupil images and near-corneal-plane spectral light exposure data under natural conditions.Scientific data · 2026Article
- Simulated and natural changes in intraocular transparency selectively affect photoreceptor-specific pupil responses.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Lack of strong evidence for cone photoreceptors' contribution to human melatonin suppression and alerting response to light.iScience · 2025Article
- Increased brightness assimilation in rod vision.iScience · 2025Article
- Frequency tagged multifocal pupillary response fields identify age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Pupil adjustments to illusory perceptions of the light intensity of object surfaces.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
- A pupillary contrast response in mice and humans: Neural mechanisms and visual functions.Neuron · 2024Article
- Regulation of pupil size in natural vision across the human lifespan.Royal Society open science · 2024Article
- Effects of calibrated blue-yellow changes in light on the human circadian clock.Nature human behaviour · 2024Article
- Different rules for binocular combination of luminance flicker in cortical and subcortical pathways.eLife · 2023Article
- A five-primary Maxwellian-view display for independent control of melanopsin, rhodopsin, and three-cone opsins on a fine spatial scale.Journal of vision · 2022Article
- Melanopsin photoreception differentially modulates rod-mediated and cone-mediated human temporal vision.iScience · 2022Article
- Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell-driven pupil responses in patients with traumatic brain injury.Vision research · 2021Article
- Comment Concerning the Effects of Light Intensity on Melatonin Suppression in the Review "Light Modulation of Human Clocks, Wake, and Sleep" by A. Prayag et al.Clocks & sleep · 2021Article
- Cataract type and pupillary response to blue and white light stimuli.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Beginning to See the Light: Lessons Learned From the Development of the Circadian System for Optimizing Light Conditions in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Review
- "Blue Sky Effect": Contextual Influences on Pupil Size During Naturalistic Visual Search.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Effects of Narrowband Light on Choroidal Thickness and the Pupil.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2020Article
- Crosstalk: The diversity of melanopsin ganglion cell types has begun to challenge the canonical divide between image-forming and non-image-forming vision.The Journal of comparative neurology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeWe determined the relative contributions of rods, cones, and melanopsin to pupil responses in humans using temporal sinusoidal stimulation for light levels spanning the low mesopic to photopic range.
methodsA four-primary Ganzfeld photostimulator controlled flicker stimulations at seven light levels (-2.7 to 2 log cd/m(2)) and five frequencies (0.5-8 Hz). Pupil diameter was measured using a high-resolution eye tracker. Three kinds of sinusoidal photoreceptor modulations were generated using silent substitution: rod modulation, cone modulation, and combined rod and cone modulation in phase (experiment 1) or cone phase shifted (experiment 2) from a fixed rod phase. The melanopsin excitation was computed for each condition. A vector sum model was used to estimate the relative contribution of rods, cones, and melanopsin to the pupil response.
resultsFrom experiment 1, the pupil frequency response peaked at 1 Hz at two mesopic light levels for the three modulation conditions. Analyzing the rod-cone phase difference for the combined modulations (experiment 2) identified a V-shaped response amplitude with a minimum between 135° and 180°. The pupil response phases increased as cone modulation phase increased. The pupil amplitude increased with increasing light level for cone, and combined (in-phase rod and cone) modulation, but not for the rod modulation.
conclusionsThese results demonstrate that cone- and rod-pathway contributions are more predominant than melanopsin contribution to the phasic pupil response. The combined rod, cone, and melanopsin inputs to the phasic state of the pupil light reflex follow linear summation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.