ArticleNature2014
Elephant shark genome provides unique insights into gnathostome evolution.
Article in Nature, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 340 papers.
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Who cites it
340 citing papers in PubMed, 718 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Teeth outside the jaw: Evolution and development of the toothed head clasper in chimaeras.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Single-cell atlas in the living fossil Yangtze sturgeon provides insight into the evolution of fish.Genome biology · 2025Article
- Cellular, bone-like tissue in the bucklers and thorns of the thornback rayProceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Adaptive loss of shortwave-sensitive opsins during cartilaginous fish evolution.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Intron turnover of slc26a1 and slc26a2 and convergence of intron insertion sites.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Functions of secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins in dental mineralization.Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2025Review
280 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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- Erratum issued
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Authors and funding
33 authors at 11 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The emergence of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) from jawless vertebrates was accompanied by major morphological and physiological innovations, such as hinged jaws, paired fins and immunoglobulin-based adaptive immunity. Gnathostomes subsequently diverged into two groups, the cartilaginous fishes and the bony vertebrates. Here we report the whole-genome analysis of a cartilaginous fish, the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii). We find that the C. milii genome is the slowest evolving of all known vertebrates, including the 'living fossil' coelacanth, and features extensive synteny conservation with tetrapod genomes, making it a good model for comparative analyses of gnathostome genomes. Our functional studies suggest that the lack of genes encoding secreted calcium-binding phosphoproteins in cartilaginous fishes explains the absence of bone in their endoskeleton. Furthermore, the adaptive immune system of cartilaginous fishes is unusual: it lacks the canonical CD4 co-receptor and most transcription factors, cytokines and cytokine receptors related to the CD4 lineage, despite the presence of polymorphic major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. It thus presents a new model for understanding the origin of adaptive immunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.