ArticleThe journal of headache and pain2014
Diagnosis, prevalence estimation and burden measurement in population surveys of headache: presenting the HARDSHIP questionnaire.
Article in The journal of headache and pain, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06112587 (Muscle Function and Strength Training of the Neck and Shoulder in Migraine and Tension-type Headache Patients.), which is not on this map. Cited by 128 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Muscle Function and Strength Training of the Neck and Shoulder in Migraine and Tension-type Headache Patients.
Who cites it
128 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Is migraine a spectrum disorder? Questioning the concept of "episodic" and "chronic" migraine using population-based data from 10,226 adults with migraine from 14 countries.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Pooled it
- Over 600 million people aged 18-65 will have headache tomorrow: global 1-day prevalence and recall bias from a meta-analysis of individual participant data (N = 38,512) from the general populations of 15 countries.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Pooled it
- The global prevalence of headache disorders of public-health importance: a meta-analysis of population-based individual participant data from 41,614 adults from 17 countries.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Pre-injury Migraines as a Vulnerability Factor for Worse Outcome Following Sport-Related Concussion.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Diagnostic and classification tools for chronic headache disorders: A systematic review.Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache · 2019Pooled it
- Effectiveness of different physiotherapy interventions in the management of cervicogenic headache: a pilot randomized controlled trial.The Journal of manual & manipulative therapy · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Long-Term Safety Evaluation of Ubrogepant for the Acute Treatment of Migraine: Phase 3, Randomized, 52-Week Extension Trial.Headache · 2020Trial
- Headache disorders and the Global Burden of Disease study: deficiencies, challenges and opportunities for betterment.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Headache-attributed burden among children and adolescents in Nepal: a national schools-based cross-sectional study.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Headache among children and adolescents in Zambia: revised prevalence estimates, and estimates of attributed burden, from a national schools-based study.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Sleep quality and chronotype in primary headache disorders: a nationwide population-based study of 5,311 Polish adults.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Epimutations in migraine and in medication overuse headache: a longitudinal study after acute medication withdrawal.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Associations Between the Presence of Primary Headaches and Quality of Life in University Students.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of primary headache and lifestyle factors among children and adolescents: a regional school-based study in China.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Methodology of a population-based survey of headache disorders among adults in Latvia.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Co-production and validation of an online resource to support the diagnosis of migraine.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- The prevalence of headache disorders among children and adolescents in Georgia: a cross-sectional schools-based study.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- Prevalence of headache disorders in Norway: results from the population based PopHEAD study.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- The prevalence of headache disorders in children and adolescents in Nepal: a schools-based cross-sectional study.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
68 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The global burden of headache is very large, but knowledge of it is far from complete and needs still to be gathered. Published population-based studies have used variable methodology, which has influenced findings and made comparisons difficult. The Global Campaign against Headache is undertaking initiatives to improve and standardize methods in use for cross-sectional studies. One requirement is for a survey instrument with proven cross-cultural validity. This report describes the development of such an instrument. Two of the authors developed the initial version, which was used with adaptations in population-based studies in China, Ethiopia, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Zambia and 10 countries in the European Union. The resultant evolution of this instrument was reviewed by an expert consensus group drawn from all world regions. The final output was the Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire, designed for application by trained lay interviewers. HARDSHIP is a modular instrument incorporating demographic enquiry, diagnostic questions based on ICHD-3 beta criteria, and enquiries into each of the following as components of headache-attributed burden: symptom burden; health-care utilization; disability and productive time losses; impact on education, career and earnings; perception of control; interictal burden; overall individual burden; effects on relationships and family dynamics; effects on others, including household partner and children; quality of life; wellbeing; obesity as a comorbidity. HARDSHIP already has demonstrated validity and acceptability in multiple languages and cultures. Modules may be included or not, and others (e.g., on additional comorbidities) added, according to the purpose of the study and resources (especially time) available.
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