ArticlePloS one2014
Quantitative assessment of cytosolic Salmonella in epithelial cells.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The Manipulation of Host Cells byInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Provision of preferred nutrients to macrophages promotes Salmonella intracellular replication without relying on Type III secretion systems.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- SLC11A2 withholds divalent metals fromProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- New insights into outer membrane vesicles in Gram-negative bacteria from biogenesis to applications.Communications biology · 2026Review
- TRIM21 induces selective autophagy of viruses and bacteria.Molecular cell · 2026Article
- Gasdermins against intracellular bacterial pathogens.Nature microbiology · 2026Review
- Infection strategies ofGut microbes reports · 2026Review
- SLC11A2 affects nutritional immunity in the gut epithelium.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Endolysosomal damage surveillance enables rapid inflammasome sensing of pathogens.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Inflammasomes primarily restrict cytosoliceLife · 2025Article
- The ER-phagy receptor FAM134B is targeted by Salmonella Typhimurium to promote infection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Controlling intracellular protein delivery, tumor colonization and tissue distribution using flhDC in clinically relevant ΔsseJ Salmonella.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- TheVirulence · 2024Article
- Inflammasomes primarily restrict cytosolicbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Pathogenic diversification of the gut commensalInfection and immunity · 2024Article
- Intracellular delivery of oncolytic viruses with engineered Salmonella causes viral replication and cell death.iScience · 2024Article
- Population structure and ongoing microevolution of the emerging multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium ST213.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2024Article
- Direct Salmonella injection into enteroid cells allows the study of host-pathogen interactions in the cytosol with high spatiotemporal resolution.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Within mammalian cells, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) inhabits a membrane-bound vacuole known as the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). We have recently shown that wild type S. Typhimurium also colonizes the cytosol of epithelial cells. Here we sought to quantify the contribution of cytosolic Salmonella to the total population over a time course of infection in different epithelial cell lines and under conditions of altered vacuolar escape. We found that the lysosomotropic agent, chloroquine, acts on vacuolar, but not cytosolic, Salmonella. After chloroquine treatment, vacuolar bacteria are not transcriptionally active or replicative and appear degraded. Using a chloroquine resistance assay, in addition to digitonin permeabilization, we found that S. Typhimurium lyses its nascent vacuole in numerous epithelial cell lines, albeit with different frequencies, and hyper-replication in the cytosol is also widespread. At later times post-infection, cytosolic bacteria account for half of the total population in some epithelial cell lines, namely HeLa and Caco-2 C2Bbe1. Both techniques accurately measured increased vacuole lysis in epithelial cells upon treatment with wortmannin. By chloroquine resistance assay, we also determined that Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1), but not SPI-2, the virulence plasmid nor the flagellar apparatus, was required for vacuolar escape and cytosolic replication in epithelial cells. Together, digitonin permeabilization and the chloroquine resistance assay will be useful, complementary tools for deciphering the mechanisms of SCV lysis and Salmonella replication in the epithelial cell cytosol.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.