ArticleJournal of environmental health science & engineering2014
Content of toxic and essential metals in recrystallized and washed table salt in Shiraz, Iran.
Article in Journal of environmental health science & engineering, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Salt Deposits to the Dinner Table: A Systematic Review of Heavy Metal Contamination in Edible Salt; Sources, Limitations of Conventional Purification, Human Exposure, and Regulatory Gaps.Biological trace element research · 2026Pooled it
- What do we know about exposure of Iranians to cadmium? Findings from a systematic review.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2018Pooled it
- Human Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals and Natural Radionuclides in Unrefined Edible Salts from Salt Mining Communities of Nasarawa State, Nigeria.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films Technique as a Tool for Matrix Separation and Preconcentration for Sensitive Determination of Cd and Pb in Table Salt.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Assessment of toxic heavy metals in commonly consumed foods in Egypt and their implications for public health and safety.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- The preliminary survey on the concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in salt samples collected from Tehran, Iran: a probabilistic health risk assessment.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- Evaluation of heavy metal pollution in the Zayandeh-Rud River as the only permanent river in the central plateau of Iran.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2020Article
- Trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral composition, and FT-IR characterization of unrefined sea and rock salts: environmental interactions.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Article
- Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co) in leafy vegetables collected from production sites: their potential health risk to the general population in Shiraz, Iran.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTable salt is the most commonly used food additive. Since most of the salt consumed in Iran comes from mines, contamination with heavy metals is a health concern. The commonest salt purification method in Iran is washing with water. But recently, some industries have turned to recrystallization method. The present study aimed to determine the level of essential and non-essential heavy metals in the table salt refined with recrystallization and washing methods.
methodsThirty eight pre-packed salt samples were directly collected from retail market in Shiraz (22 samples refined with recrystallization method and 16 with washing method). The level of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel and cobalt was determined using Voltammetric method. Daily intakes of lead and cadmium as well as their weekly intakes were calculated.
resultsThe levels of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel and cobalt in recrystallized samples were 0. 30 ± 0.26, 0.02 ± 0.02, 0.11 ± 0.06, 0.34 ± 0.22, 0.15 ± 0.19 and 0.008 ± 0.007 μg/g, respectively, and also 0.37 ± 0.27, 0.017 ± 0.021, 0.19 ± 0.18, 0.37 ± 0.20, 0.13 ± 0.23 and 0.037 ± 0.06 μg/g in washed salt samples. The calculated weekly intake of lead and cadmium was 0.216 and 0.014 μg/kg, respectively for the recrystallized and 0.2653 and 0.0119 μg/kg for the washed salts.
conclusionAll values for toxic metals were lower than the permitted maximum for human consumption as prescribed by Codex and Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. Only 0.8652-1.0612% of lead and 0.17-0.2% of cadmium PTWIs are received via salt consumption weekly.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.