ReviewPathogens and global health2013
An epidemiological review of changes in meningococcal biology during the last 100 years.
Review in Pathogens and global health, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04295733 (Evaluation of Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Two Doses of the 4CMenB Vaccine in Adults With an Immunodeficiency), which is not on this map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Two Doses of the 4CMenB Vaccine in Adults With an Immunodeficiency
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis in non-African countries over the last 50 years: a systematic review.Journal of global health · 2019Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and safety of a meningococcal serogroups A and C tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenAC-TT): two immune schedules in toddles aged 12-23 months in China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2019Trial
- Epidemiological characteristics of invasive meningococcal disease and carriage prevalence ofPeerJ · 2025Article
- The genomic epidemiology ofThe Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2024Article
- Cytokines in the Brain and Neuroinflammation: We Didn't Starve the Fire!Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Herd Protection against Meningococcal Disease through Vaccination.Microorganisms · 2020Review
- Phenotypic characterization ofAccess microbiology · 2020Article
- Declining Incidence of Invasive Meningococcal Disease in South Africa: 2003-2016.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
- Bioengineered polyester beads co-displaying protein and carbohydrate-based antigens induce protective immunity against bacterial infection.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Development of a PCR algorithm to detect and characterize Neisseria meningitidis carriage isolates in the African meningitis belt.PloS one · 2018Article
- Article
- Review
- Genetic Analysis of Neisseria meningitidis Sequence Type 7 Serogroup X Originating from Serogroup A.Infection and immunity · 2017Article
- Occupational Health Update: Focus on Preventing the Acquisition of Infections with Pre-exposure Prophylaxis and Postexposure Prophylaxis.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2016Review
- Invasive Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C Outbreak in Northwest Nigeria, 2015 - Third Consecutive Outbreak of a New Strain.PLoS currents · 2016Article
- Fast and accurate dynamic estimation of field effectiveness of meningococcal vaccines.BMC medicine · 2016Article
- Meningococcal Vaccinations.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2016Review
- Vaccines for the prevention of meningococcal capsular group B disease: What have we recently learned?Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Review
- Epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis infections: case distribution by age and relevance of carriage.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2015Review
- Development and Evaluation of a Multiplex Microsphere Assay for Quantitation of IgG and IgA Antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup A, C, W, and Y Polysaccharides.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimThe aim of this study was to assess changes in trends of meningococcal disease and strain diversity of Neisseria meningitidis in Europe, South America, and Africa over the last 100 years.
methodsHealthcare databases and sources of grey literature were searched in 2012 and records were screened against the protocol eligibility criteria using a three-stage sifting process. Studies included in the review were subject to data extraction. Results were summarised using a narrative approach.
resultsSerogroup A was the dominant cause of invasive meningococcal disease in Europe before and during World Wars I and II. Whilst serogroup B has been dominant from the 1970s in Europe and the 1980s in South America, outbreaks have emerged associated with serogroups W135 and Y in the twenty-first century. There has been a shift in the age groups affected by invasive meningococcal disease with an increase in incidence among the elderly associated with serogroup Y and a decline in serogroup C among adolescent populations. Recent outbreaks of serogroup W135 have occurred in some countries in South America. The epidemiological trend of invasive meningococcal disease has remained largely static across Africa and dominated by serogroup A although recently serogroups X and W135 have accounted for a large proportion of morbidity and mortality.
conclusionThe epidemiology of N. meningitidis has been dynamic in Europe and South America especially over the last 30 years. Routine vaccination with serogroup C vaccines has led to reduced carriage and incidence of invasive meningococcal disease and herd immunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.