ArticleJournal of the International AIDS Society2014
Injecting drug use is associated with a more rapid CD4 cell decline among treatment naïve HIV-positive patients in Indonesia.
Article in Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of exposure to intimate partner violence on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell decay in HIV infected women: longitudinal study.PloS one · 2015Trial
- Annual trends and risk factors of late presentation of HIV at 19 referral hospitals in Indonesia: findings from the INA-PROACTIVE cohort.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Article
- Factors mediating and associated with immunological response in women living with HIV in Sweden: A nationwide register-based study.HIV medicine · 2025Article
- Examining the effects of the HIV-1 protein Tat and morphine on antiretroviral accumulation and distribution within the brain.Clinical and translational science · 2024Article
- HIV treatment outcomes among people who acquired HIV via injecting drug use in the Asia-Pacific region: a longitudinal cohort study.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Observational
- Opioid and neuroHIV Comorbidity - Current and Future Perspectives.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2020Review
- Effect of Opioid Use on Immune Activation and HIV Persistence on ART.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2020Review
- Accounting for dropout reason in longitudinal studies with nonignorable dropout.Statistical methods in medical research · 2017Article
- Predictors of Mortality within Prison and after Release among Persons Living with HIV in Indonesia.Research and reports in tropical medicine · 2017Article
- GSK3β-activation is a point of convergence for HIV-1 and opiate-mediated interactive neurotoxicity.Molecular and cellular neurosciences · 2015Article
- Active and latent tuberculosis among HIV-positive injecting drug users in Indonesia.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2015Article
- Heroin use is associated with suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine response after LPS exposure in HIV-infected individuals.PloS one · 2015Article
- Co-Infection Burden of Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus among Injecting Heroin Users at the Kenyan Coast.PloS one · 2015Article
- Interactions of HIV and drugs of abuse: the importance of glia, neural progenitors, and host genetic factors.International review of neurobiology · 2014Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIt remains unclear whether the natural course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) differs in subjects infected through injecting drug use (IDU) and no data have been published from low- or middle-income countries. We addressed this question in an urban cohort in Indonesia, which is experiencing a rapidly growing HIV epidemic strongly driven by IDU.
methodsAll antiretroviral treatment (ART) naïve HIV-positive patients who had at least two subsequent CD4 cell counts available before starting ART were included in this study. We examined the association between IDU and CD4 cell decline using a linear mixed model, with adjustment for possible confounders such as HIV viral load and hepatitis C antibodies.
resultsAmong 284 HIV-positive ART naïve patients, the majority were male (56%) with a history of IDU (79% among men). People with a history of IDU had a statistically significant faster decline in CD4 cells (p<0.001). Based on our data, patients with a history of IDU would have an average 33% decline in CD4 cells after one year without ART, compared with a 22% decline among non-users. At two years, the decline would average 66 and 40%, respectively. No other factor was significantly associated with CD4 cell decline.
conclusionsWe show that a history of IDU is associated with a more rapid CD4 cell natural decline among HIV-positive individuals in Indonesia. These findings have implications for monitoring ART naïve patients with a history of IDU and for starting ART in this group.
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