Trial reportJournal of neuroinflammation2014
The effect of intravenous interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on inflammatory mediators in cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid haemorrhage: a phase II randomised controlled trial.
Trial report in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02997371 (A Randomised Double Blind Placebo Controlled Dose-range Study Using Placebo, 1.5g and 3.0g of Intravenous Recombinant Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist), which is not on this map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomised Double Blind Placebo Controlled Dose-range Study Using Placebo, 1.5g and 3.0g of Intravenous Recombinant Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (Anakinra) for Patients With Moderate-to-severe TBI
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 285 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist in Animal Models of Stroke: an Update.Translational stroke research · 2016Pooled it
- Hematoma Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Concentrations Predict Long-Term Outcome in Acute Human Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Annals of neurology · 2026Trial
- Safety and pharmacodynamic efficacy of eculizumab in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (CLASH): A phase 2a randomized clinical trial.European stroke journal · 2023Trial
- Phase II randomised, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in intracerebral haemorrhage: BLOcking the Cytokine IL-1 in ICH (BLOC-ICH).European stroke journal · 2023Trial
- Systemic inflammation alters the neuroinflammatory response: a prospective clinical trial in traumatic brain injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2021Trial
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage: epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and clinical therapies.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Interleukin-1 regulates myeloid cell trafficking and cerebral blood flow following intracerebral haemorrhage.Disease models & mechanisms · 2025Article
- Distinct Cytokine Responses in Central and Systemic Compartments after Subarachnoid Haemorrhage.Translational stroke research · 2025Article
- Natural polyphenol mangiferin delays neuronal cell senescence by inhibiting neuroinflammation mediated by microglial activation.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- The Comparative Effects of Anakinra and Tocilizumab on Inflammation and Cerebral Vasospasm in an Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Model.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Beyond nimodipine: advanced neuroprotection strategies for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia.Neurosurgical review · 2024Review
- Article
- Clinical Potential of Immunotherapies in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Treatment: Mechanistic Dissection of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses.Aging and disease · 2023Review
- Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist as Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2023Review
- The role of cortisol in immunosuppression in subarachnoid haemorrhage.European journal of medical research · 2023Article
- Anti-Inflammatory Drug Therapy in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Trials.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Cannabidiol's Multifactorial Mechanisms Has Therapeutic Potential for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: a Review.Translational stroke research · 2023Review
- Immunological Profile of Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Continuous IV infusion of anakinra.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Neutrophil Heterogeneity and its Roles in the Inflammatory Network after Ischemic Stroke.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInterleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key mediator of ischaemic brain injury induced by stroke and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) limits brain injury in experimental stroke and reduces plasma inflammatory mediators associated with poor outcome in ischaemic stroke patients. Intravenous (IV) IL-1Ra crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in patients with SAH, to achieve cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations that are neuroprotective in rats.
methodsA small phase II, double-blind, randomised controlled study was carried out across two UK neurosurgical centres with the aim of recruiting 32 patients. Adult patients with aneurysmal SAH, requiring external ventricular drainage (EVD) within 72 hours of ictus, were eligible. Patients were randomised to receive IL-1Ra (500 mg bolus, then a 10 mg/kg/hr infusion for 24 hours) or placebo. Serial samples of CSF and plasma were taken and analysed for inflammatory mediators, with change in CSF IL-6 between 6 and 24 hours as the primary outcome measure.
resultsSix patients received IL-1Ra and seven received placebo. Concentrations of IL-6 in CSF and plasma were reduced by one standard deviation in the IL-1Ra group compared to the placebo group, between 6 and 24 hours, as predicted by the power calculation. This did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.08 and P = 0.06, respectively), since recruitment did not reach the target figure of 32. No adverse or serious adverse events reported were attributable to IL-1Ra.
conclusionsIL-1Ra appears safe in SAH patients. The concentration of IL-6 was lowered to the degree expected, in both CSF and plasma for patients treated with IL-1Ra.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.