ArticleExtreme physiology & medicine2014
Analysis of swimming performance in FINA World Cup long-distance open water races.
Article in Extreme physiology & medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Open Water Swimming: Swimmers' Kinematical and Neuromuscular Characterisation in 5 km Swim.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Sex Difference in 6-h Ultra-Marathon Running-The Worldwide Trends from 1982 to 2020.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Article
- Older or Wiser? Age and Experience Trends in 20 Years of Olympic and World Swimming Championships Open Water 10-km Races.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2021Article
- 5 km front crawl in pool and open water swimming: breath-by-breath energy expenditure and kinematic analysis.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Article
- The energy cost of swimming and its determinants.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Review
- Race Strategies of Open Water Swimmers in the 5-km, 10-km, and 25-km Races of the 2017 FINA World Swimming Championships.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Article
- Sex difference in open-water swimming-The Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming 1875-2017.PloS one · 2018Article
- Ice swimming and changes in body core temperature: a case study.SpringerPlus · 2015Article
- Women cross the 'Catalina Channel' faster than men.SpringerPlus · 2015Article
- Ice swimming - 'Ice Mile' and '1 km Ice event'.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2015Article
- Analysis of sex differences in open-water ultra-distance swimming performances in the FINA World Cup races in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km from 2000 to 2012.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2014Article
- Change of the age and performance of swimmers across World Championships and Olympic Games finals from 1992 to 2013 - a cross-sectional data analysis.SpringerPlus · 2014Article
- Will the age of peak ultra-marathon performance increase with increasing race duration?BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2014Article
- The best triathletes are older in longer race distances - a comparison between Olympic, Half-Ironman and Ironman distance triathlon.SpringerPlus · 2014Article
- Sex difference in age and performance in elite Swiss freestyle swimmers competing from 50 m to 1,500 m.SpringerPlus · 2014Article
- Changes in sex difference in swimming speed in finalists at FINA World Championships and the Olympic Games from 1992 to 2013.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2014Article
- Performance and sex difference in ultra-triathlon performance from Ironman to Double Deca Iron ultra-triathlon between 1978 and 2013.SpringerPlus · 2014Article
- Participation and performance trends by nationality in the 'English Channel Swim' from 1875 to 2013.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAge and peak performance in ultra-endurance athletes have been mainly investigated in long-distance runners and triathletes, but not for long-distance swimmers. The present study investigated the age and swimming performance of elite ultra-distance swimmers competing in the 5-, 10- and 25-km Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) World Cup swimming events.
methodsThe associations of age and swimming speed in elite male and female swimmers competing in World Cup events of 5-, 10- and 25-km events from 2000 to 2012 were analysed using single and multi-level regression analyses.
resultsDuring the studied period, the swimming speed of the annual top ten women decreased significantly from 4.94 ± 0.20 to 4.77 ± 0.09 km/h in 5 km and from 4.60 ± 0.04 to 4.44 ± 0.08 km/h in 25 km, while it significantly increased from 4.57 ± 0.01 to 5.75 ± 0.01 km/h in 10 km. For the annual top ten men, peak swimming speed decreased significantly from 5.42 ± 0.04 to 5.39 ± 0.02 km/h in 5 km, while it remained unchanged at 5.03 ± 0.32 km/h in 10 km and at 4.94 ± 0.35 km/h in 25 km. The age of peak swimming speed for the annual top ten women remained stable at 22.5 ± 1.2 years in 5 km, at 23.4 ± 0.9 years in 10 km and at 23.8 ± 0.9 years in 25 km. For the annual top ten men, the age of peak swimming speed increased from 23.7 ± 2.8 to 28.0 ± 5.1 years in 10 km but remained stable at 24.8 ± 1.0 years in 5 km and at 27.2 ± 1.1 years in 25 km.
conclusionFemale long-distance swimmers competing in FINA World Cup races between 2000 and 2012 improved in 10 km but impaired in 5 and 25 km, whereas men only impaired in 5 km. The age of peak performance was younger in women (approximately 23 years) compared to men (about 25-27 years).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.