ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2014
Income level and drug related harm among people who use injection drugs in a Canadian setting.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- Exploring housing instability through a gender lens among people who inject drugs in Montreal, Canada.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Patterns of socioeconomic marginalization and non-fatal overdose among people who use drugs: A gender-stratified repeated measures latent class analysis.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Patterns of Socioeconomic Marginalization among People Who Use Drugs: A Gender-Stratified Repeated Measures Latent Class Analysis.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic marginalization and risk of overdose in a community-recruited cohort of people who use drugs: A longitudinal analysis.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Observational
- Changes in and Predictors of HIV among People Who Inject Drugs in Mizoram, Northeast India, from 2007 to 2021.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Cohort Profile: The Assessing Economic Transitions (ASSET) Study-A Community-Based Mixed-Methods Study of Economic Engagement among Inner-City Residents.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Material security as a measure of poverty: a validation study with people who use drugs.Social indicators research · 2021Article
- When Problems Only Get Bigger: The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experience on Adult Health.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Article
- Material security and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive people who use illicit drugs.AIDS (London, England) · 2020Article
- Cannabis Use Disorder Among First-Year Undergraduate Students in Gaborone, Botswana.Substance abuse : research and treatment · 2020Article
- How are transgender women acquiring HIV? Insights from phylogenetic transmission clusters in San Francisco.AIDS (London, England) · 2019Article
- Structural factors associated with methamphetamine smoking among female sex workers in Tijuana, Mexico.Drug and alcohol review · 2018Article
- Exposure to Rats and Rat-Associated Leptospira and Bartonella Species Among People Who Use Drugs in an Impoverished, Inner-City Neighborhood of Vancouver, Canada.Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) · 2018Article
- Needle acquisition patterns, network risk and social capital among rural PWID in Puerto Rico.Harm reduction journal · 2017Article
- Drug dealing and drug using behaviors among people who inject drugs in Colombia: A cross-sectional study.Journal of substance use · 2017Article
- Sociodemographic correlates of HIV drug resistance and access to drug resistance testing in British Columbia, Canada.PloS one · 2017Article
- Income generation and attitudes towards addiction treatment among people who use illicit drugs in a Canadian setting.Addictive behaviors · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHigher income is generally associated with better health outcomes; however, among people who inject drugs (IDU) income generation frequently involves activities, such as sex work and drug dealing, which pose significant health risks. Therefore, we sought to examine the relationship between level of income and specific drug use patterns and related health risks.
methodsThis study involved IDU participating in a prospective cohort study in Vancouver, Canada. Monthly income was categorized based on non-fixed quartiles at each follow-up with the lowest level serving as the reference category in generalized linear mixed-effects regression.
resultsAmong our sample of 1032 IDU, the median average monthly income over the study follow-up was $1050 [interquartile range=785-2000]. In multivariate analysis, the highest income category was significantly associated with sex work (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=7.65), drug dealing (AOR=5.06), daily heroin injection (AOR=2.97), daily cocaine injection (AOR=1.65), daily crack smoking (AOR=2.48), binge drug use (AOR=1.57) and unstable housing (AOR=1.67). The high income category was negatively associated with being female (AOR=0.61) and accessing addiction treatment (AOR=0.64), (all p<0.05). In addition, higher income was strongly associated with higher monthly expenditure on drugs (>$400) (OR=97.8).
conclusionAmong IDU in Vancouver, average monthly income levels were low and higher total monthly income was linked to high-risk income generation strategies as well as a range of drug use patterns characteristic of higher intensity addiction and HIV risk. These findings underscore the need for interventions that provide economic empowerment and address high intensity addiction, especially for female IDU.
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