ArticleBreastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine2014
Nipple pain, damage, and vasospasm in the first 8 weeks postpartum.
Article in Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04259320 (Effect of the Use of Beeswax-containing Barrier on the Prevention of Nipple Crack in Lactating Primiparous Women Within the First 24 Hours After Giving the Birth), which is not on this map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of the Use of Beeswax-containing Barrier on the Prevention of Nipple Crack in Lactating Primiparous Women Within the First 24 Hours After Giving the Birth: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions for breastfeeding-related nipple pain or injury: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Pooled it
- The effectiveness of the laid-back position on lactation-related nipple problems and comfort: a meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Pooled it
- Initial nipple damages in breastfeeding women: analysis of photographic images and clinical associations.Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2023Trial
- The effect of a single irradiation of low-level laser on nipple pain in breastfeeding women: a randomized controlled trial.Lasers in medical science · 2020Trial
- Lanolin for the treatment of nipple pain in breastfeeding women: a randomized controlled trial.Maternal & child nutrition · 2017Trial
- Breastfeeding Support in the Early Postpartum: Content of Home Visits in the SILC Trial.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2016Trial
- Human Milk Sodium Monitoring Across the Continuum of Lactation: From Secretory Activation to Established Lactation.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Breast and Nipple Dermatoses During Lactation.The Australasian journal of dermatology · 2025Review
- Simplified patient decision-aid for tongue-tie surgery for breast-fed infants.Paediatrics & child health · 2025Article
- Feasibility and Acceptability of a Deep-Learning-Based Nipple Trauma Assessment System for Postpartum Breastfeeding Support.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Could Photobiomodulation help lactating women and their newborns?Lasers in medical science · 2024Article
- Diagnosis and management of a herpes nipple infection that resulted in neonatal HSV encephalitis.BMJ case reports · 2024Article
- An evaluation of patient comfort levels during expression with a modified pumping program: a prospective proof of concept study.Frontiers in global women's health · 2024Article
- Article
- Breastfeeding difficulties in the first 6 weeks postpartum among mothers with chronic conditions: a latent class analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- A brief gestalt intervention changes ultrasound measures of tongue movement during breastfeeding: case series.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- The Effectiveness of Aloe Vera on Relief of Irritation and Nipple Pain in Lactating Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Obstetrics and gynecology international · 2022Review
- Postpartum Depression Without Antenatal Depression in Primiparous Women.Journal of clinical medicine research · 2021Article
- Do Maternal Stress and Depressive Symptoms in Perinatal Period Predict the Lactation Mastitis Occurrence? A Retrospective Longitudinal Study in Greek Women.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Postpartum Nipple Symptoms: Risk Factors and Dermatologic Characterization.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNipple pain and damage are common in the early postpartum period and are associated with early cessation of breastfeeding and comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, and mastitis. The incidence of nipple vasospasm has not been reported previously. This article describes nipple pain and damage prospectively in first-time mothers and explores the relationship between method of birth and nipple pain and/or damage. SUBJECTS AND
methodsA prospective cohort of 360 primiparous women was recruited in Melbourne, Australia, in the interval 2009-2011, and after birth participants were followed up six times. The women completed a questionnaire about breastfeeding practices and problems at each time point. Pain scores were graphically represented using spaghetti plots to display each woman's experience of pain over the 8 weeks of the study.
resultsAfter birth, before they were discharged home from hospital, 79% (250/317) of the women in this study reported nipple pain. Over the 8 weeks of the study 58% (198/336) of women reported nipple damage, and 23% (73/323) reported vasospasm. At 8 weeks postpartum 8% (27/340) of women continued to report nipple damage, and 20% (68/340) were still experiencing nipple pain. Ninety-four percent (320/340) of the women were breastfeeding at the end of the study, and there was no correlation between method of birth and nipple pain and/or damage.
conclusionsNipple pain is a common problem for new mothers in Australia and often persists for several weeks. Further studies are needed to establish the most effective means of preventing and treating breastfeeding problems in the postnatal period.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.