ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
In vitro selection with artificial expanded genetic information systems.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 128 papers.
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Who cites it
128 citing papers in PubMed, 321 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanoparticles-assisted SELEX strategies for aptamer screening: a comprehensive review.Mikrochimica acta · 2026Review
- Multivalent Aptamers: Contemporary Engineering Strategies and Biomedical Applications.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Review
- Toward Multi(radio)metalated DNA: Enzymatic Polymerization of Metal-Chelate-Modified Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphates.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- Click Capture SELEX for the Identification of Click-Modified Aptamers Targeting Small Molecules in Solution.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Unlocking chemical diversity in aptamers with DNA orthogonal barcodes.Nature chemistry · 2026Article
- Are we there yet with XNA aptamers?RSC advances · 2026Review
- High-Affinity Six-Letter DNA XenoAptamer Generation by Genetic Alphabet Expansion.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2026Article
- Omega Nucleic Acids (ΩNA), Ultimate Nucleic Acids for Future Technology.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Expanding DNA alphabet adds a previously unknown dimension to nanostructures.Science advances · 2026Article
- Aptamer Engineering: Strategies for Discovering Functional Nucleic Acids for Next-Generation Diagnostics and Biosensing.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Expanded genetic alphabet increases structural and chemical diversity of six-letter DNA for high-affinity protein-targeting aptamers.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Improving the Fidelity of Replication of a Six-Letter DNA Alphabet.ACS chemical biology · 2025Article
- An unnatural base pair for the detection of epigenetic cytosine modifications in DNA.Nature chemistry · 2025Article
- Aptamers as a New Frontier in Molecular Cancer Imaging Technologies.Chemical & biomedical imaging · 2025Review
- Nucleic acid joining enzymes: biological functions and synthetic applications beyond DNA.The Biochemical journal · 2025Review
- Six-Letter DNA Nanotechnology: Incorporation ofNano letters · 2024Article
- A folding motif formed with an expanded genetic alphabet.Nature chemistry · 2024Article
- Xenobiology for the Biocontainment of Synthetic Organisms: Opportunities and Challenges.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Prebiotic N-(2-Aminoethyl)-Glycine (AEG)-Assisted Synthesis of Proto-RNA?Journal of molecular evolution · 2024Article
- Reverse transcription as key step in RNARSC chemical biology · 2024Article
68 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Artificially expanded genetic information systems (AEGISs) are unnatural forms of DNA that increase the number of independently replicating nucleotide building blocks. To do this, AEGIS pairs are joined by different arrangements of hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups, all while retaining their Watson-Crick geometries. We report here a unique case where AEGIS DNA has been used to execute a systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) experiment. This AEGIS-SELEX was designed to create AEGIS oligonucleotides that bind to a line of breast cancer cells. AEGIS-SELEX delivered an AEGIS aptamer (ZAP-2012) built from six different kinds of nucleotides (the standard G, A, C, and T, and the AEGIS nonstandard P and Z nucleotides, the last having a nitro functionality not found in standard DNA). ZAP-2012 has a dissociation constant of 30 nM against these cells. The affinity is diminished or lost when Z or P (or both) is replaced by standard nucleotides and compares well with affinities of standard GACT aptamers selected against cell lines using standard SELEX. The success of AEGIS-SELEX relies on various innovations, including (i) the ability to synthesize GACTZP libraries, (ii) polymerases that PCR amplify GACTZP DNA with little loss of the AEGIS nonstandard nucleotides, and (iii) technologies to deep sequence GACTZP DNA survivors. These results take the next step toward expanding the power and utility of SELEX and offer an AEGIS-SELEX that could possibly generate receptors, ligands, and catalysts having sequence diversities nearer to that displayed by proteins.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.