Observational studyNutrients2013
A multicountry ecological study of cancer incidence rates in 2008 with respect to various risk-modifying factors.
Observational study in Nutrients, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Relationship Between Climate Change and Breast Cancer and Its Management and Preventative Implications in South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Environmental health perspectives · 2020Pooled it
- Population-based differences in cancer incidence between immigrants and non-immigrants in Canada between 1992 and 2015.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Is Economic Growth Good for Population Health? A Critical Review.Canadian studies in population · 2023Review
- The effect of climatic and geographical factors on breast cancer in Iran.BMC research notes · 2020Article
- In defense of the UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis.Endocrine · 2019Article
- Temporal trends in food group availability and cancer incidence in Africa: an ecological analysis.Public health nutrition · 2019Article
- Variations in 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Countries from the Middle East and Europe: The Roles of UVB Exposure and Diet.Nutrients · 2019Article
- The influence of behavioural and socioeconomic factors on the community injury rates of adolescents assessed by the south Korean emergency medical services: an ecological approach.BMC public health · 2019Article
- Measuring and Visualizing Solar UV for a Wide Range of Atmospheric Conditions on Hawai'i Island.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Imbalanced Nutrient Intake in Cancer Survivors from the Examination from the Nationwide Health Examination Center-Based Cohort.Nutrients · 2018Article
- Cancer Incidence in Europe: An Ecological Analysis of Nutritional and Other Environmental Factors.Frontiers in oncology · 2018Article
- Meta-analysis of the correlation between vitamin D and lung cancer risk and outcomes.Oncotarget · 2017Article
- Genetic variations in vitamin D-related pathways and breast cancer risk in African American women in the AMBER consortium.International journal of cancer · 2016Article
- Article
- Vitamin D status during pregnancy: time for a more unified approach beyond borders?European journal of clinical nutrition · 2015Review
- ATP-Binding Cassette Genes Genotype and Expression: A Potential Association with Pancreatic Cancer Development and Chemoresistance?Gastroenterology research and practice · 2014Article
- The role of geographical ecological studies in identifying diseases linked to UVB exposure and/or vitamin D.Dermato-endocrinologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Observational and ecological studies are generally used to determine the presence of effect of cancer risk-modifying factors. Researchers generally agree that environmental factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and low serum 25-hdyroxyvitamin D levels are important cancer risk factors. This ecological study used age-adjusted incidence rates for 21 cancers for 157 countries (87 with high-quality data) in 2008 with respect to dietary supply and other factors, including per capita gross domestic product, life expectancy, lung cancer incidence rate (an index for smoking), and latitude (an index for solar ultraviolet-B doses). The factors found to correlate strongly with multiple types of cancer were lung cancer (direct correlation with 12 types of cancer), energy derived from animal products (direct correlation with 12 types of cancer, inverse with two), latitude (direct correlation with six types, inverse correlation with three), and per capita gross national product (five types). Life expectancy and sweeteners directly correlated with three cancers, animal fat with two, and alcohol with one. Consumption of animal products correlated with cancer incidence with a lag time of 15-25 years. Types of cancer which correlated strongly with animal product consumption, tended to correlate weakly with latitude; this occurred for 11 cancers for the entire set of countries. Regression results were somewhat different for the 87 high-quality country data set and the 157-country set. Single-country ecological studies have inversely correlated nearly all of these cancers with solar ultraviolet-B doses. These results can provide guidance for prevention of cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.