ReviewBrain research bulletin2014
Can fear extinction be enhanced? A review of pharmacological and behavioral findings.
Review in Brain research bulletin, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fear conditioning and extinction in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Recent Progress in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Phobias: A Systematic Review.Current psychiatry reports · 2017Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of D-Cycloserine in Exposure-Based Treatment: Moderators of Treatment Efficacy, Response, and Diagnostic Remission.The Journal of clinical psychiatry · 2017Pooled it
- Alpha-2 Adrenoreceptor Antagonist Yohimbine Potentiates Consolidation of Conditioned Fear.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Trial
- A randomized, placebo-controlled laboratory study of the effects of D-cycloserine on sexual memory consolidation in women.Psychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Augmenting extinction learning with D-cycloserine reduces return of fear: a randomized, placebo-controlled fMRI study.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- L-DOPA improves extinction memory retrieval after successful fear extinction.Psychopharmacology · 2019Trial
- Advancements in the Assessment and Treatment of Pediatric OCD.Current psychiatry reports · 2026Review
- Encoding-Retrieval Similarity Reveals Distinct Neural Reinstatement of Safety Memories Following Counterconditioning in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2025Article
- Article
- Dopamine release at the time of a predicted aversive outcome causally controls the trajectory and expression of conditioned behavior.Cell reports · 2023Article
- Interoception in Fear Learning and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing) · 2023Article
- Neuropharmacological Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate, Noradrenaline and Endocannabinoid Receptors in Fear Extinction Learning: Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Testing the memory reconsolidation hypothesis in a fear extinction paradigm: The effects of ecological and arbitrary stimuli.Learning & behavior · 2022Article
- Laboratory models of post-traumatic stress disorder: The elusive bridge to translation.Neuron · 2022Review
- Unrelenting Fear Under Stress: Neural Circuits and Mechanisms for the Immediate Extinction Deficit.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2022Review
- Prevention of the return of extinguished fear by disrupting the interaction of neuronal nitric oxide synthase with its carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Article
- Propranolol Decreases Fear Expression by Modulating Fear Memory Traces.Biological psychiatry · 2021Article
- BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF PAVLOVIAN AND INSTRUMENTAL EXTINCTION LEARNING.Physiological reviews · 2021Review
- Elemental and configural threat learning bias extinction generalization.Neurobiology of learning and memory · 2021Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is considerable interest, from both a basic and clinical standpoint, in gaining a greater understanding of how pharmaceutical or behavioral manipulations alter fear extinction in animals. Not only does fear extinction in rodents model exposure therapy in humans, where the latter is a cornerstone of behavioral intervention for anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and specific phobias, but also understanding more about extinction provides basic information into learning and memory processes and their underlying circuitry. In this paper, we briefly review three principal approaches that have been used to modulate extinction processes in animals and humans: a purely pharmacological approach, the more widespread approach of combining pharmacology with behavior, and a purely behavioral approach. The pharmacological studies comprise modulation by: brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), d-cycloserine, serotonergic and noradrenergic drugs, neuropeptides, endocannabinoids, glucocorticoids, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and others. These studies strongly suggest that extinction can be modulated by drugs, behavioral interventions, or their combination, although not always in a lasting manner. We suggest that pharmacotherapeutic manipulations provide considerable promise for promoting effective and lasting fear reduction in individuals with anxiety disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Memory enhancement'.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.