ArticleJournal of psychiatric research2014
Smoking status as a potential confounder in the study of brain structure in schizophrenia.
Article in Journal of psychiatric research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Association Between Chronic Tobacco Smoking and Brain Alterations in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- PET neuroimaging reveals histone deacetylase dysregulation in schizophrenia.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2019Trial
- Moderating Role of Cigarette Smoking on the Efficacy of tDCS in the Treatment of Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Unveiling Promising Neuroimaging Biomarkers for Schizophrenia Through Clinical and Genetic Perspectives.Neuroscience bulletin · 2024Review
- Cortical thickness of the inferior parietal lobule as a potential predictor of relapse in men with alcohol dependence.Brain imaging and behavior · 2024Article
- Mendelian randomization analyses support causal relationships between systemic lupus erythematosus and brain imaging-derived phenotypes.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Smoking Addiction in Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Its Perception and Intervention in Healthcare Personnel Assigned to Psycho-Rehabilitation Programs: A Qualitative Research.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Mendelian randomization analyses support causal relationships between brain imaging-derived phenotypes and risk of psychiatric disorders.Nature neuroscience · 2022Article
- Increased brain gyrification and subsequent relapse in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- The modulating impact of cigarette smoking on brain structure in panic disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2020Article
- Dentate gyrus volume deficit in schizophrenia.Psychological medicine · 2020Article
- Tobacco smoking, related harm and motivation to quit smoking in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Health psychology research · 2020Article
- Neuroimaging Studies in Patients With Mental Disorder and Co-occurring Substance Use Disorder: Summary of Findings.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2019Review
- Cortical thickness variation of the maternal brain in the first 6 months postpartum: associations with parental self-efficacy.Brain structure & function · 2018Article
- Additive Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Gray Matter Abnormalities in Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2018Article
- Toward valid and reliable brain imaging results in eating disorders.The International journal of eating disorders · 2018Article
- Smoking, psychiatric illness and the brain.Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN · 2017Article
- Progression from selective to general involvement of hippocampal subfields in schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2017Article
- Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Cigarette Smoking in Patients with Schizophrenia.Shanghai archives of psychiatry · 2016Article
- Subcortical brain volume abnormalities in 2028 individuals with schizophrenia and 2540 healthy controls via the ENIGMA consortium.Molecular psychiatry · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Several but not all MRI studies have reported volume reductions in the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in patients with schizophrenia. Given the high prevalence of smoking among schizophrenia patients and the fact that smoking has also been associated with alterations in brain morphology, this study evaluated whether a proportion of the known gray matter reductions in key brain regions may be attributed to smoking rather than to schizophrenia alone. We examined structural MRI data of 112 schizophrenia patients (53 smokers and 59 non-smokers) and 77 healthy non-smoker controls collected by the MCIC study of schizophrenia. An automated atlas based probabilistic method was used to generate volumetric measures of the hippocampus and DLPFC. The two patient groups were matched with respect to demographic and clinical variables. Smoker schizophrenia patients showed significantly lower hippocampal and DLPFC volumes than non-smoker schizophrenia patients. Gray matter volume reductions associated with smoking status ranged between 2.2% and 2.8%. Furthermore, we found significant volume differences between smoker patients and healthy controls in the hippocampus and DLPFC, but not between non-smoker patients and healthy controls. Our data suggest that a proportion of the volume reduction seen in the hippocampus and DLPFC in schizophrenia is associated with smoking rather than with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. These results may have important implications for brain imaging studies comparing schizophrenia patients and other groups with a lower smoking prevalence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.