ArticleEuropean journal of cardiovascular nursing2014
Dietary sodium restriction below 2 g per day predicted shorter event-free survival in patients with mild heart failure.
Article in European journal of cardiovascular nursing, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of dietary sodium restriction in chronic heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2024Pooled it
- Is there sufficient evidence to justify changes in dietary habits in heart failure patients? A systematic review.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Sodium restriction in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: A randomized controlled trial.Cardiology journal · 2023Trial
- Comparing Sodium Intake Strategies in Heart Failure: Rationale and Design of the Prevent Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure by Limiting Sodium (PROHIBIT) Study.Circulation. Heart failure · 2015Trial
- Review
- Dietary sodium intake restriction in patients with heart failure: an overview of systematic reviews.Heart failure reviews · 2025Review
- Precipitating factors of heart failure decompensation, short-term morbidity and mortality in patients attended in primary care.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2020Article
- Low- Versus Moderate-Sodium Diet in Patients With Recent Hospitalization for Heart Failure: The PROHIBIT (Prevent Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure by Limiting Sodium) Pilot Study.Circulation. Heart failure · 2020Article
- Self-Care and Pathophysiological Function in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2019Article
- Micronutrient Deficiency Independently Predicts Time to Event in Patients With Heart Failure.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2018Article
- Dietary Self-management in Heart Failure: High Tech or High Touch?Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine · 2017Review
- Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease: Finding the Perfect Recipe for Cardiovascular Health.Nutrients · 2016Review
- How effective is an in-hospital heart failure self-care program in a Japanese setting? Lessons from a randomized controlled pilot study.Patient preference and adherence · 2016Article
- Diagnosis and management of acute heart failure.Anatolian journal of cardiology · 2015Article
- The role of diet and nutrition in heart failure: A state-of-the-art narrative review.Progress in cardiovascular diseasesReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite a growing recognition that a strict low sodium diet may not be warranted in compensated heart failure (HF) patients, the link between sodium restriction below 2 g/day and health outcomes is unknown in patients at different levels of HF severity. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare differences in event-free survival among patients with <2 g/day, 2-3 g/day, or >3 g/day sodium intake stratified by New York Heart Association (NYHA) class.
methodA total of 244 patients with HF completed a four-day food diary to measure daily sodium intake. All-cause hospitalization or death for a median of 365 follow-up days and covariates on age, gender, etiology, body mass index, NYHA class, ejection fraction, total comorbidity score, the presence of ankle edema, and prescribed medications were determined by patient interview and medical record review. Hierarchical Cox hazard regression was used to address the purpose.
resultsIn NYHA class I/II (n=134), patients with <2 g/day sodium intake had a 3.7-times higher risk (p=0.025), while patients with >3 g/day sodium intake had a 0.4-times lower risk (p=0.047) for hospitalization or death than those with 2-3 g/day sodium intake after controlling for covariates. In NYHA class III/IV (n=110), >3 g/day sodium intake predicted shorter event-free survival (p=0.044), whereas there was no difference in survival curves between patients with <2 g/day and those with 2-3 g/day sodium intake.
conclusionSodium restriction below 2 g/day is not warranted in mild HF patients, whereas excessive sodium intake above 3 g/day may be harmful in moderate to severe HF patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.