ArticlePathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology2014
Toll-like receptor regulation of intestinal development and inflammation in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis.
Article in Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02552706 (The Efficacy and Mechanisms of Oral Probiotics in Preventing Necrotizing Enterocolitis Among Very Low Birth Weight Infants With Formula-feeding), which is not on this map. Cited by 70 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Efficacy and Mechanisms of Oral Probiotics in Preventing Necrotizing Enterocolitis Among Very Low Birth Weight Infants With Formula-feeding
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 122 citations in OpenAlex.
- SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and necrotizing enterocolitis: case report and review of the literature.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Intestinal dysbiosis in preterm infants preceding necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Microbiome · 2017Pooled it
- The gut-brain ConNECtion: exploring the developmental impact of necrotizing enterocolitis on the neonatal brain.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Maternal High-Fat Diet Worsens Necrotizing Enterocolitis via Effects on Mitochondrial Function in Newborn Mice.Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- The microbiome's hidden influence: preclinical insights into inflammatory responses in necrotizing enterocolitis.Seminars in immunopathology · 2025Review
- An early post-birth immune-microbiota landscape predicts the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in term newborns with congenital heart defects.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Beyond weight loss: exploring the neurological ramifications of altered gut microbiota post-bariatric surgery.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Evolutionary bridges: how factors present in amniotic fluid and human milk help mature the gut.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Review
- An anti-eCIRP strategy for necrotizing enterocolitis.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Gut microbiota differences in five-year-old children that were born preterm with a history of necrotizing enterocolitis: A pilot trial.iScience · 2024Article
- Cannabidiol decreases histological intestinal injury in a neonatal experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis.Laboratory animal research · 2024Article
- Chromatin as alarmins in necrotizing enterocolitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants-A defect in the brakes? Evidence from clinical and animal studies.Mucosal immunology · 2023Review
- The Role of the Interleukin-1 Family in Complications of Prematurity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Dietary fiber pectin: challenges and potential anti-inflammatory benefits for preterms and newborns.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Review
- Role of gut-brain axis in neurodevelopmental impairment of necrotizing enterocolitis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Impact of Total Parenteral Nutrition on Gut Microbiota in Pediatric Population Suffering Intestinal Disorders.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Human Breast Milk: The Key Role in the Maturation of Immune, Gastrointestinal and Central Nervous Systems: A Narrative Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The administration of amnion-derived multipotent cell secretome ST266 protects against necrotizing enterocolitis in mice and piglets.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2022Article
- Remote ischemic conditioning causes CD4 T cells shift towards reduced cell-mediated inflammation.Pediatric surgery international · 2022Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a structurally related family of molecules that respond to a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands, and which serve as important components of the innate immune system. While TLRs have established roles in host defense, these molecules have also been shown to play important roles in the development of various disease states. A particularly important example of the role of TLRs in disease induction includes necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which is the most common gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants, and which is associated with extremely high morbidity and mortality rates. The development of NEC is thought to reflect an abnormal interaction between microorganisms and the immature intestinal epithelium, and emerging evidence has clearly placed the spotlight on an important and exciting role for TLRs, particularly TLR4, in NEC pathogenesis. In premature infants, TLR4 signaling within the small intestinal epithelium regulates apoptosis, proliferation and migration of enterocytes, affects the differentiation of goblet cells, and reduces microcirculatory perfusion, which in combination result in the development of NEC. This review will explore the signaling properties of TLRs on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, and will examine the role of TLR4 signaling in the development of NEC. In addition, the effects of dampening TLR4 signaling using synthetic and endogenous TLR4 inhibitors and active components from amniotic fluid and human milk on NEC severity will be reviewed. In so doing, we hope to present a balanced approach to the understanding of the role of TLRs in both immunity and disease pathogenesis, and to dissect the precise roles for TLR4 in both the cause and therapeutic intervention of necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.