ArticlePloS one2013
Characterization of the SigD regulon of C. difficile and its positive control of toxin production through the regulation of tcdR.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers.
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Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Flagellar switch inverted repeats impact heterogeneity in flagellar gene expression and thus C. difficile RT027/MLST1 virulence.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Extracellular DNA filaments associated with surface polysaccharide II give Clostridioides difficile biofilm matrix a network-like structure.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Article
- A metabolite dehydrogenase pathway represses sporulation of Clostridioides difficile.Anaerobe · 2025Article
- The current riboswitch landscape inMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2024Review
- Spores of Clostridioides difficile are toxin delivery vehicles.Communications biology · 2024Article
- A conserved switch controls virulence, sporulation, and motility in C. difficile.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Phase Variation of Flagella and Toxins in Clostridioides difficile is Mediated by Selective Rho-dependent Termination.Journal of molecular biology · 2024Article
- Fight or flee, a vital choice formLife · 2024Article
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- Overview of current detection methods and microRNA potential inWorld journal of gastroenterology · 2023Review
- Regulatory transcription factors ofCritical reviews in microbiology · 2023Review
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- Esculin hydrolysis negative and TcdA-only producing strains of Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile from the environment in Western Australia.Journal of applied microbiology · 2022Article
- Coordinated modulation of multiple processes through phase variation of a c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase in Clostridioides difficile.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clostridium difficile intestinal disease is mediated largely by the actions of toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB), whose production occurs after the initial steps of colonization involving different surface or flagellar proteins. In B. subtilis, the sigma factor SigD controls flagellar synthesis, motility, and vegetative autolysins. A homolog of SigD encoding gene is present in the C.difficile 630 genome. We constructed a sigD mutant in C. difficile 630 ∆erm to analyze the regulon of SigD using a global transcriptomic approach. A total of 103 genes were differentially expressed between the wild-type and the sigD mutant, including genes involved in motility, metabolism and regulation. In addition, the sigD mutant displayed decreased expression of genes involved in flagellar biosynthesis, and also of genes encoding TcdA and TcdB as well as TcdR, the positive regulator of the toxins. Genomic analysis and RACE-PCR experiments allowed us to characterize promoter sequences of direct target genes of SigD including tcdR and to identify the SigD consensus. We then established that SigD positively regulates toxin expression via direct control of tcdR transcription. Interestingly, the overexpression of FlgM, a putative anti-SigD factor, inhibited the positive regulation of motility and toxin synthesis by SigD. Thus, SigD appears to be the first positive regulator of the toxin synthesis in C. difficile.
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