ReviewAAPS PharmSciTech2014
Advances in metered dose inhaler technology: hardware development.
Review in AAPS PharmSciTech, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Regional Extrathoracic Deposition of Inhaled Epinephrine in an Idealized Child Airway: Influence of Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler Actuator Orifice Diameter.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Article
- Pulmonary Drug Delivery for Infectious Diseases: Cutting-Edge Formulations and Manufacturing Technologies.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Impact of Ethanol on Electrostatic Behaviour of Fluorocarbon Pharmaceutical Propellants.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A Novel End-to-End Simulation Framework for Internal Flow in pMDIs: Coupled Modeling of Cavitation, Flash Boiling, and Atomization.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Article
- Scale-Up and Postapproval Changes in Orally Inhaled Drug Products: Scientific and Regulatory Considerations.Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery · 2025Review
- Materials Compatibility Considerations for the Transition to Low Global Warming Potential Propellants for Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Review
- In-vitro Evaluation of Solution Pressurised Metered Dose Inhaler Sprays with Low-GWP Propellants.Pharmaceutical research · 2025Article
- Respiratory delivered vaccines: Current status and perspectives in rational formulation design.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2024Review
- Overcoming the Low-Stability Bottleneck in the Clinical Translation of Liposomal Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhalers: A Shell Stabilization Strategy Inspired by Biomineralization.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Excipients for Novel Inhaled Dosage Forms: An Overview.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2024Review
- Aerosol pulmonary immune engineering.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2023Review
- Analytical approaches for the evaluation of data deficient simulated leachable compounds in ENDS products: a case study.Frontiers in chemistry · 2023Article
- Currently Available Inhaled Therapies in Asthma and Advances in Drug Delivery and Devices.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2022Review
- Spray Dried Rugose Lipid Particle Platform for Respiratory Drug Delivery.Pharmaceutical research · 2022Article
- Effect of MDI Actuation Timing on Inhalation Dosimetry in a Human Respiratory Tract Model.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Design of a Nasal Spray Based onMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Development and Characterization of Treprostinil Palmitil Inhalation Aerosol for the Investigational Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Comparison of l-Carnitine and l-Carnitine HCL salt for targeted lung treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH) as inhalation aerosols: Design, comprehensive characterization, in vitro 2D/3D cell cultures, and in vivo MCT-Rat model of PH.Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2020Article
- Inhalable Nanoparticles/Microparticles of an AMPK and Nrf2 Activator for Targeted Pulmonary Drug Delivery as Dry Powder Inhalers.The AAPS journal · 2020Article
- Emerging trends in inhaled drug delivery.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pressurized metered dose inhalers (MDIs) were first introduced in the 1950s and they are currently widely prescribed as portable systems to treat pulmonary conditions. MDIs consist of a formulation containing dissolved or suspended drug and hardware needed to contain the formulation and enable efficient and consistent dose delivery to the patient. The device hardware includes a canister that is appropriately sized to contain sufficient formulation for the required number of doses, a metering valve capable of delivering a consistent amount of drug with each dose delivered, an actuator mouthpiece that atomizes the formulation and serves as a conduit to deliver the aerosol to the patient, and often an indicating mechanism that provides information to the patient on the number of doses remaining. This review focuses on the current state-of-the-art of MDI hardware and includes discussion of enhancements made to the device's core subsystems. In addition, technologies that aid the correct use of MDIs will be discussed. These include spacers, valved holding chambers, and breath-actuated devices. Many of the improvements discussed in this article increase the ability of MDI systems to meet regulatory specifications. Innovations that enhance the functionality of MDIs continue to be balanced by the fact that a key advantage of MDI systems is their low cost per dose. The expansion of the health care market in developing countries and the increased focus on health care costs in many developed countries will ensure that MDIs remain a cost-effective crucial delivery system for treating pulmonary conditions for many years to come.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.