ArticleAmerican journal of public health2014
The effects of breastfeeding exclusivity on early childhood outcomes.
Article in American journal of public health, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Breastfeeding initiation and duration: links to physical, mental and behavioural health in US children aged 3-5 years.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2025Article
- Associations between breastfeeding duration and weight status transitions in early childhood.PloS one · 2025Article
- Best for Whom? Heterogeneous Treatment Effects of Breastfeeding on Child Development.Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation · 2024Article
- Exclusive Breastfeeding Predicts Higher Hearing-Language Development in Girls of Preschool Age.Nutrients · 2020Article
- The best of intentions: Prenatal breastfeeding intentions and infant health.SSM - population health · 2018Article
- Effect of the Affordable Care Act on Breastfeeding Outcomes.American journal of public health · 2018Observational
- The effects of breastfeeding on childhood BMI: a propensity score matching approach.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2017Article
- Does breastfeeding duration decrease child obesity? An instrumental variables analysis.Pediatric obesity · 2017Article
- Predictors of Obesity in a Cohort of Children Enrolled in WIC as Infants and Retained to 3 Years of Age.Journal of community health · 2016Article
- Article
- Cognitive and neurodevelopmental benefits of extended formula-feeding in infants: re: Deoni et al. 2013.NeuroImage · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesWe examined the relationship between breastfeeding exclusivity and duration and children's health and cognitive outcomes at ages 2 and 4 years.
methodsWe used the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, a nationally representative sample of 10,700 children born in the United States in 2001. Parent interviews and child assessments were conducted in measurement waves at 9 months, 2 years, 4 years, and in kindergarten, with the focus on ages 2 and 4 years. We employed propensity scores as a means of adjusting for confounding involving observed characteristics.
resultsOutcome analyses using propensity scores showed some small effects of breastfeeding on key outcomes at age 4 years but not at age 2 years. Effects appeared to be concentrated in reading and cognitive outcomes. Overall, we found no consistent evidence for dosage effects of breastfeeding exclusivity. Our sensitivity analyses revealed that a small amount of unobserved confounding could be responsible for the resulting benefits.
conclusionsOur study revealed little or no effect of breastfeeding exclusivity and duration on key child outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.