ArticleThe Journal of investigative dermatology2014
A three-dimensional atlas of human dermal leukocytes, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
Article in The Journal of investigative dermatology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 138 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phenotypic and functional characterization of first-trimester human placental macrophages, Hofbauer cells.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2021Trial
- Assessment and Clinical Relevance of Serum IL-19 Levels in Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis Using a Sensitive and Specific Novel Immunoassay.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Characterization of the human immune cell network at the gingival barrier.Mucosal immunology · 2016Trial
- Microneedles for Vaccination: Mechanistic Foundations, Materials Innovation, Clinical Translation, and Global Health Implementation.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Dissecting Immune Determinants in Lesional Skin of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma During Mogamulizumab Therapy.Cancers · 2026Article
- A spatially coordinated keratinocyte-fibroblast circuit recruits MMP9Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Skin Deep: Uncovering the Early Events of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus at the Tick-Host-Virus Interface.Viruses · 2026Review
- Hidden immune memory niches in inflammatory skin diseases.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The spinal lymphatic system: an emerging pathway bridging fluid homeostasis, immunity, and disease.Bone research · 2026Review
- 4D multimodal wound healing atlas reveals organ-level controls of repair phase transitions.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Transcriptomics- and 3D imaging-based characterization of the lymphatic vasculature in human skin.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Cutaneous lymphatics and skin diseases: mechanisms, imaging modalities, and future therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Exploring endothelial cell environments across organs in spatially resolved omics data.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Differential biomarker expression of blood and lymphatic vasculature in multi-organ-chips.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Advancing immunotherapy using biomaterials to control tissue, cellular, and molecular level immune signaling in skin.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2024Review
- Article
- Computational fluid dynamic modeling of the lymphatic system: a review of existing models and future directions.Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology · 2024Review
- The interplay of inflammation and placenta in maternal diabetes: insights into Hofbauer cell expression patterns.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Exploiting Unique Features of Microneedles to Modulate Immunity.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2023Review
- Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-A downregulates angiogenesis in psoriasis: A pilot study.Skin health and disease · 2023Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages (Mφ), and T cells are major components of the skin immune system, but their interstitial spatial organization is poorly characterized. Using four-channel whole-mount immunofluorescence staining of the human dermis, we demonstrated the three-dimensional distribution of CD31(+) blood capillaries, LYVE-1(+) lymphatics, discrete populations of CD11c(+) myeloid DCs, FXIIIa(+) Mφ, and lymphocytes. We showed phenotypic and morphological differences in situ between DCs and Mφ. DCs formed the first dermal cellular layer (0-20 μm beneath the dermoepidermal junction), Mφ were located deeper (40-60 μm), and CD3(+) lymphocytes were observed throughout (0-60 μm). Below this level, DCs, T cells, and the majority of Mφ formed stable perivascular sheaths. Whole-mount imaging revealed the true extent of dermal leukocytes previously underestimated from cross-section views. The total area of apical dermis (0-30 μm) contained approximately 10-fold more myeloid DCs than the entire blood volume of an average individual. Surprisingly, <1% of dermal DCs occupied lymphatics in freshly isolated skin. Dermal DCs rapidly accumulated within lymphatics, but Mφ remained fixed in skin explants cultured ex vivo. The leukocyte architecture observed in normal skin was distorted in inflammation and disease. These studies illustrate the micro-anatomy of dermal leukocytes and provide further insights into their functional organization.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.